Methane sulfonic acid to non‐sea‐salt sulfate ratio in coastal Antarctic aerosol and surface snow

Legrand, Michel; Pasteur, Elizabeth C.

doi:10.1029/98jd00929

Cited by 106 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Model studies of tracer transport, although mainly dealing with transport from further north than the DMS source regions, suggest a rather small change in transport time for the LGM compared to the present 28,29 . The proportion of DMS that is oxidized to SO 4 22 or to MS 2 might vary with climate, but nssSO 4 22 probably remains the dominant product under all conditions 30 . We therefore conclude that these factors are unlikely to have been decisive: allowing for some changes in these factors, and for uncertainty in our assumptions about the dominance of dry deposition and the snow accumulation rate, DMS emissions in the relevant region must have also been constant to within a few tens of per cent.…”

Section: Sea Ice Based On Sea Saltmentioning

confidence: 99%

Southern Ocean sea-ice extent, productivity and iron flux over the past eight glacial cycles

Wolff

Fischer

Fundel

et al. 2006

Nature

533

523

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International audienceSea ice and dust flux increased greatly in the Southern Ocean during the last glacial period. Palaeorecords provide contradictory evidence about marine productivity in this region, but beyond one glacial cycle, data were sparse. Here we present continuous chemical proxy data spanning the last eight glacial cycles (740,000 years) from the Dome C Antarctic ice core. These data constrain winter sea-ice extent in the Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean biogenic productivity and Patagonian climatic conditions. We found that maximum sea-ice extent is closely tied to Antarctic temperature on multi-millennial timescales, but less so on shorter timescales. Biological dimethylsulphide emissions south of the polar front seem to have changed little with climate, suggesting that sulphur compounds were not active in climate regulation. We observe large glacial–interglacial contrasts in iron deposition, which we infer reflects strongly changing Patagonian conditions. During glacial terminations, changes in Patagonia apparently preceded sea-ice reduction, indicating that multiple mechanisms may be responsible for different phases of CO2 increase during glacial terminations. We observe no changes in internal climatic feedbacks that could have caused the change in amplitude of Antarctic temperature variations observed 440,000 years ago

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Section: Sea Ice Based On Sea Saltmentioning

confidence: 99%

Southern Ocean sea-ice extent, productivity and iron flux over the past eight glacial cycles

Wolff

Fischer

Fundel

et al. 2006

Nature

533

523

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“…8) in late winter (September-October). The corresponding increase of the MSA to non-sea-salt ratio (from 6 to 13 %), already seen at the coast by Legrand and Pasteur (1998), is discussed in Legrand et al (2017) for Concordia in terms of source regions of biogenic sulfur aerosol over the course of the year. For the five lowest stages (smallest particle sizes) of the impactor, we find that the ratio of nssSO 4 / MSA is reasonably constant (red dots in Fig.…”

Section: Sulfate Relative To Sodium Fractionation In Wintermentioning

confidence: 99%

Year-round records of bulk and size-segregated aerosol composition in central Antarctica (Concordia site) – Part 1: Fractionation of sea-salt particles

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Multiple year-round records of bulk and sizesegregated composition of aerosol were obtained at the inland site of Concordia located at Dome C in East Antarctica. In parallel, sampling of acidic gases on denuder tubes was carried out to quantify the concentrations of HCl and HNO 3 present in the gas phase. These time series are used to examine aerosol present over central Antarctica in terms of chloride depletion relative to sodium with respect to freshly emitted sea-salt aerosol as well as depletion of sulfate relative to sodium with respect to the composition of seawater. A depletion of chloride relative to sodium is observed over most of the year, reaching a maximum of ∼ 20 ng m −3 in spring when there are still large sea-salt amounts and acidic components start to recover. The role of acidic sulfur aerosol and nitric acid in replacing chloride from sea-salt particles is here discussed. HCl is found to be around twice more abundant than the amount of chloride lost by sea-salt aerosol, suggesting that either HCl is more efficiently transported to Concordia than sea-salt aerosol or re-emission from the snow pack over the Antarctic plateau represents an additional significant HCl source. The size-segregated composition of aerosol collected in winter (from 2006 to 2011) indicates a mean sulfate to sodium ratio of sea-salt aerosol present over central Antarctica of 0.16 ± 0.05, suggesting that, on average, the sea-ice and open-ocean emissions equally contribute to sea-salt aerosol load of the inland Antarctic atmosphere.The temporal variability of the sulfate depletion relative to sodium was examined at the light of air mass backward trajectories, showing an overall decreasing trend of the ratio (i.e., a stronger sulfate depletion relative to sodium) when air masses arriving at Dome C had traveled a longer time over sea ice than over open ocean. The findings are shown to be useful to discuss sea-salt ice records extracted at deep drilling sites located inland Antarctica.

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“…Ca, K, Na, Mg, and Cl). Some source identification is feasible by analysing other chemical species, such as levoglucosan as a tracer for biomass burning [45], methanesulfonic acid (MSA) for marine biogenic dimethyl sulphide emissions [46,47], and electric conductivity measurements of acidity for volcanic activity [48,49].…”

Section: Measurements Of Pre-industrial Aerosolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerosols in the Pre-industrial Atmosphere

Carslaw

Gordon

Hamilton

et al. 2017

Curr Clim Change Rep

111

107

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Purpose of Review We assess the current understanding of the state and behaviour of aerosols under pre-industrial conditions and the importance for climate. Recent Findings Studies show that the magnitude of anthropogenic aerosol radiative forcing over the industrial period calculated by climate models is strongly affected by the abundance and properties of aerosols in the preindustrial atmosphere. The low concentration of aerosol particles under relatively pristine conditions means that global mean cloud albedo may have been twice as sensitive to changes in natural aerosol emissions under preindustrial conditions compared to present-day conditions. Consequently, the discovery of new aerosol formation processes and revisions to aerosol emissions have large effects on simulated historical aerosol radiative forcing.Summary We review what is known about the microphysical, chemical, and radiative properties of aerosols in the pre-industrial atmosphere and the processes that control them. Aerosol properties were controlled by a combination of natural emissions, modification of the natural emissions by human activities such as land-use change, and anthropogenic emissions from biofuel combustion and early industrial processes. Although aerosol concentrations were lower in the pre-industrial atmosphere than today, model simulations show that relatively high aerosol concentrations could have been maintained over continental regions due to biogenically controlled new particle formation and wildfires. Despite the importance of preindustrial aerosols for historical climate change, the relevant processes and emissions are given relatively little consideration in climate models, and there have been very few attempts to evaluate them. Consequently, we have very low confidence in the ability of models to simulate the aerosol conditions that form the baseline for historical climate simulations. Nevertheless, it is clear that the 1850s should be regarded as an early industrial reference period, and the aerosol forcing calculated from this period is smaller than the forcing since 1750. Improvements in historical reconstructions of natural and early anthropogenic emissions, exploitation of new Earth system models, and a deeper understanding and evaluation of the controlling processes are key aspects to reducing uncertainties in future.

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Methane sulfonic acid to non‐sea‐salt sulfate ratio in coastal Antarctic aerosol and surface snow

Cited by 106 publications

References 37 publications

Southern Ocean sea-ice extent, productivity and iron flux over the past eight glacial cycles

Southern Ocean sea-ice extent, productivity and iron flux over the past eight glacial cycles

Year-round records of bulk and size-segregated aerosol composition in central Antarctica (Concordia site) – Part 1: Fractionation of sea-salt particles

Aerosols in the Pre-industrial Atmosphere

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