Methicillin-Resistant<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, Samoa, 2007–2008

Alesana-Slater, James; Ritchie, Stephen; Heffernan, Helen; Camp, Tracy; Herbison, Peter; Norris, Pauline

doi:10.3201/eid1706.101083

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Ethical approval for the collection of isolates in Samoa was provided by the Health Research council of Samoa and written informed consent was obtained from all participants [22] . During the summer of 2007–2008, 187 S. aureus isolates were obtained from 399 people with skin and soft tissue infections presenting to clinics in towns and villages throughout Samoa.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In New Zealand, the incidence of S. aureus disease is higher among Māori and Pacific people than among people of European or other ethnicities [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] ; and available evidence suggests the incidence of disease is high in indigenous people in Pacific nations [22] . Furthermore the incidence of disease caused by community-acquired MRSA is higher in Māori, Pacific people and Aboriginal Australians than in people of European or other ethnicities [20] , [23] , [24] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Genetic Structure of Staphylococcus aureus Populations from the Southwest Pacific

2014

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The genetic structure of Staphylococcus aureus populations sampled from diverse regions of the globe have been the subject of numerous investigations. Here we describe the structure of S. aureus populations collected from the Southwest Pacific. Multi-locus sequence typing was performed on 467 isolates obtained from people with nasal colonization or bacteremia in Auckland (NZ), and patients predominantly affected by skin and soft tissue infection in Samoa, Fiji and Tonga. The predominant sequence types (STs) varied between Auckland (ST5), Fiji (ST30), and Samoa (ST1), however, the overall genetic diversity within each region did not differ significantly between locations. Divergent Clonal Complex 75 (CC75) strains were isolated in Auckland and Fiji. When diversity of the Southwest Pacific populations was compared with those previously described from Asia, Europe, North America and Africa no significant differences were detected. With the exception of CC75 strains, the global collection of S. aureus encompasses relatively little diversity, with novel STs arising locally from a small number of widespread lineages.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Genetic Structure of Staphylococcus aureus Populations from the Southwest Pacific

2014

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“…There are few studies on MRSA prevalence from other countries in the South West Pacific. However, one study from Samoa found an MRSA prevalence of 17%, with the majority of MRSA isolates (22/34; 64.7%) being resistant only to β‐lactam antimicrobials . In addition, a recent study from Fiji found an MRSA prevalence of 6.2% (20/323) in S. aureus skin isolates from children, with all 20 isolates being resistant only to β‐lactams and no more than one other class of antimicrobial.…”

Section: Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns Of S Aureus In the South mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First isolated in the Auckland community in 1992 from individuals who had contact with Western Samoa , this clone emerged throughout the mid‐1990s and early 2000s to become the major cause of CA‐MRSA infections throughout New Zealand, and it has subsequently been reported from several other regions, including Europe and North America . Interestingly, a study of S. aureus skin isolates from Samoa in 2007 found that ST30‐IV constituted only 12% (4/34) of MRSA, with the three most common MRSA clones being ST8‐IV (USA300) (13/34; 29%), ST93‐IV (Queensland clone) (9/34; 26%), and ST1‐IV MRSA (9/34; 26%). Like other CA‐MRSA clones, ST30‐IV harbours the lukF‐PV/lukS‐PV genes and is predominantly associated with skin infections in otherwise healthy individuals, although recent data suggest that ST30‐IV is also responsible for a sizeable proportion of MRSA infections in patients with prior healthcare exposure .…”

Section: Molecular Epidemiology Of S Aureus In the South West Pacificmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcus aureus ‘Down Under’: contemporary epidemiology of S. aureus in Australia, New Zealand, and the South West Pacific

Williamson

Coombs

Nimmo

2014

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

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The clinical and molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus disease has changed considerably over the past two decades, particularly with the emergence and spread of community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) clones. Indeed, some of the first global descriptions of CA-MRSA were from remote indigenous communities in Western Australia, and from Pacific Peoples in New Zealand. The epidemiology of S. aureus infections in the South West Pacific has several unique features, largely because of the relative geographical isolation and unique indigenous communities residing in this region. In particular, a number of distinct CA-MRSA clones circulate in Australia and New Zealand, such as sequence type (ST) 93 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (Queensland clone) and clonal complex 75 S. aureus (Staphylococcus argenteus) in Australia, and ST30 MRSA (Southwest Pacific clone) in New Zealand. In addition, there is a disproportionate burden of S. aureus disease in indigenous paediatric populations, particularly in remote Aboriginal communities in Australia, and in Pacific Peoples and Maori in New Zealand. In this review, we provide a contemporary overview of the clinical and molecular epidemiology of S. aureus disease in the South West Pacific region, with a particular focus on features distinct to this region.

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“…The first CC30 pandemic was caused by the methicillin-sensitive phage type 80/81 clone in the 1950s and 1960s, which spread from hospitals causing a significant disease burden in the community and was characterized by resistance to penicillin and production of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) toxin (6)(7)(8)(9). The Southwest Pacific clone (SWP) is a contemporary PVL + community-associated MRSA clone, which has spread to several continents and which largely causes skin and soft tissue infections of otherwise healthy individuals (10,11). In contrast to phage type 80/ 81 and SWP, the EMRSA-16 (ST36) clone appears to be restricted to the hospital setting and has reduced virulence due in part to low levels of expression of cytolytic toxins (12).…”

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Molecular tracing of the emergence, adaptation, and transmission of hospital-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

McAdam

Templeton

Edwards

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

174

139

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Hospital-associated infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are a global health burden dominated by a small number of bacterial clones. The pandemic EMRSA-16 clone (ST36-II) has been widespread in UK hospitals for 20 y, but its evolutionary origin and the molecular basis for its hospital association are unclear. We carried out a Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction on the basis of the genome sequences of 87 S. aureus isolates including 60 EMRSA-16 and 27 additional clonal complex 30 (CC30) isolates, collected from patients in three continents over a 53-y period. The three major pandemic clones to originate from the CC30 lineage, including phage type 80/81, Southwest Pacific, and EMRSA-16, shared a most recent common ancestor that existed over 100 y ago, whereas the hospital-associated EMRSA-16 clone is estimated to have emerged about 35 y ago. Our CC30 genome-wide analysis revealed striking molecular correlates of hospital-or community-associated pandemics represented by mobile genetic elements and nonsynonymous mutations affecting antibiotic resistance and virulence. Importantly, phylogeographic analysis indicates that EMRSA-16 spread within the United Kingdom by transmission from hospitals in large population centers in London and Glasgow to regional health-care settings, implicating patient referrals as an important cause of nationwide transmission. Taken together, the high-resolution phylogenomic approach used resulted in a unique understanding of the emergence and transmission of a major MRSA clone and provided molecular correlates of its hospital adaptation. Similar approaches for hospitalassociated clones of other bacterial pathogens may inform appropriate measures for controlling their intra-and interhospital spread.nosocomial | epidemiology

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Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus, Samoa, 2007–2008

Abstract: TOC Summary: A wide range of MRSA genotypes cause wound infections.

Cited by 10 publications

References 28 publications

The Genetic Structure of Staphylococcus aureus Populations from the Southwest Pacific

The Genetic Structure of Staphylococcus aureus Populations from the Southwest Pacific

Staphylococcus aureus ‘Down Under’: contemporary epidemiology of S. aureus in Australia, New Zealand, and the South West Pacific

Molecular tracing of the emergence, adaptation, and transmission of hospital-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

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