Methionine, folic acid and vitamin B<sub>12</sub>in growing-finishing pigs: Impact on growth performance and meat quality

Giguère, A.; Girard, C.L.; Matte, J. J.

doi:10.1080/17450390802027494

Cited by 21 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…A major metabolic route for disposal of Hcy is remethylation where B 12 -dependent methionine synthase transfers a methyl group from 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate for regeneration of methionine (Bässler, 1997). In pigs, plasma Hcy (pHcy) responds to folic acid and/or B 12 at University of Cambridge on December 3, 2014 www.journalofanimalscience.org Downloaded from supplements but minimum values remain high (> 15 µM) as compared to other species (< 10 µM) (Simard et al, 2007;Giguère et al, 2008). To our knowledge, it is not known yet if such greater pHcy is harmful for piglets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Homocysteine metabolism, growth performance, and immune responses in suckling and weanling piglets1

Audet

Girard

Lessard

et al. 2015

Journal of Animal Science

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Homocysteine (Hcy), an intermediary sulfur AA, is recognized as a powerful prooxidant with deleterious effects on physiological and immune functions. In piglets, there is an acute 10-fold increase of plasma concentrations of homocysteine (pHcy) during the first 2 wk of life. This project aimed to maximize pHcy variations within physiological ranges using typical supplies of folates and vitamin B12 (B12) to sows and piglets. Growth, immune response, and Hcy metabolism of piglets were studied until piglets reached 56 d of age. Third-parity sows were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 split-plot design with 2 dietary treatments during gestation and lactation, S(-) (1 mg/kg folates and 20 µg/kg B12, n = 15) and S(+) (10-fold S(-) levels, n = 16), and 2 treatments to piglets within each half litter, intramuscular injections (150 µg) of B12 (P(+)) at d 1 and 21 (weaning) and saline (P(-)). Within each litter of 12 piglets, 3 P(+) and 3 P(-) piglets were studied for growth and Hcy metabolism, and the others were studied for immune responses. During lactation, plasma B12 decreased and was transiently greater in S(+) vs. S(-) piglets on d 1 and P(+) vs. P(-) piglets on d 7 (sow treatment × age and piglet treatment × age; P < 0.05). From 14 to 21 d of age, pHcy was 33% lower in S(+)P(+) vs. S(-)P(-) piglets (sow treatment × piglet treatment interaction; P < 0.05). At 56 d of age, hepatic B12 was greater and pHcy was lower for P(+) vs. P(-) piglets (P < 0.05). No treatment effect was observed on growth except for a lower postweaning G:F in S(+)P(-) piglets than in others (sow treatment × piglet treatment interaction; P < 0.05). Positive correlations were observed between pHcy and growth (r > 0.29, P < 0.05) before and after weaning. Antibody responses to ovalbumin and serum tumor necrosis factor-α were not affected by treatments, but postweaning serum IL-8 peaked earlier in S(-)P(-) vs. S(+)P(+) piglets (piglet treatment × age; sow treatment × piglet treatment interaction, P < 0.05). Proliferation of lymphocytes in response to the mitogen concanavalin A tended to be lower in culture media supplemented with sera from S(-) vs. S(+) piglets (P = 0.081) and P(-) vs. P(+) piglets (P = 0.098), and the reduction of response was more marked (P < 0.05) with high (>21 µM) compared to medium (17 to 21 µM) or low (<17 µM) pHcy. In conclusion, the present vitamin supplements to sows and/or piglets produced variations of pHcy that were not apparently harmful for growth performance of piglets. The greater pHcy, particularly prevalent in S(-) and/or P(-) piglets, had negative effects on some indicators of immune responses, suggesting that these young animals may be immunologically more fragile.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Homocysteine metabolism, growth performance, and immune responses in suckling and weanling piglets1

Audet

Girard

Lessard

et al. 2015

Journal of Animal Science

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“…In carcass, vitamin B 12 concentration and total content increased (P < 0.01) with the dietary intake of vitamin B 12 (Table 2). Giguère et al (2008) reported that vitamin B 12 concentrations in LM of 10-wk-old pigs were 3.7 and 4.1 ng/g after a long-term (8 wk) dietary supplementation of cyanocobalamin at 25 and 150 μg/ kg, respectively. The present carcass values included mainly muscles but also other metabolic pools such as blood, bone marrow, and other organs that might have contributed to greater vitamin B 12 concentrations compared with Giguère et al (2008) because, according to Scheid and Schweigert (1954), concentrations of vitamin B 12 in kidneys, pancreas, spleen, heart, brain, and lungs of pigs vary between 21 and 165 ng/g.…”

Section: Trialmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typical amounts used by the feed industry range between 20 and 30 μg/kg (BASF, 2001). Recently, House and Fletcher (2003) and Giguère et al (2008) showed that supplements of 35 and 25 μg/kg of vitamin B 12 would be required in weaner or grower-finisher pigs, respectively. In gilts, Simard et al (2007) showed that when dietary vitamin B 12 increased 10 times, from 20 to 200 μg/kg, vitamin B 12 in blood plasma was doubled.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioavailability of dietary cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) in growing pigs1

Matte¹,

Guay²,

Floc'H³

et al. 2010

Journal of Animal Science

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The present project aimed to estimate bioavailability of dietary vitamin B(12), for which little information is available in growing pigs. Two approaches, each using 2 quantities of dietary cyanocobalamin, were compared; the first was based on whole body retention for 8 d and the second was based on nycthemeral portal net flux of vitamin B(12). In the first trial, 15 blocks of 3 pigs (31.7 ± 0.5 kg of BW) were formed according to their vitamin B(12) status. Within each block, 1 pig (CONT) was killed and tissues were sampled for vitamin B(12) determination. The remaining 2 piglets were fed 25 (B(12)-25) or 250 (B(12)-250) μg daily of cyanocobalamin for 8 d. Urine was sampled twice daily, and the pigs were killed and sampled as CONT pigs. The total content of vitamin B(12) in the carcass, urine, and intestinal tract was affected by the dietary treatments (P < 0.01) but not in the liver (P > 0.019). The whole body retention of vitamin B(12) was greater (P = 0.02) in B(12)-250 than B(12)-25 pigs, but the corresponding bioavailability was estimated to be 5.3 and 38.2%, respectively. In trial 2, 11 pigs (35.1 ± 4.0 kg of BW and 75.4 ± 5.9 d of age) fed a diet unsupplemented with vitamin B(12) from weaning at 28 d of age were surgically equipped with catheters in the portal vein and carotid artery and an ultrasonic flow probe around the portal vein. Each pig received 3 boluses of 0 (B(12)-0), 25, and 250 μg of dietary vitamin B(12) according to a crossover design. Postprandial nycthemeral arterial plasma concentrations of vitamin B(12) reached minimum values (P < 0.01) between 15 and 18 h postmeal that were 29.6, 15.6, and 10.0% less than the premeal values for B(12)-0, B(12)-25, and B(12)-250 pigs, respectively (linear, P < 0.01). The cumulative net flux of vitamin B(12) for 24 h corresponded to 2.4 and 5.1 µg for B(12)-25 and B(12)-250 treatments, respectively, and the corresponding bioavailability was estimated to be 9.7 and 2.0%, respectively. Although bioavailability estimates varied according to approaches, both showed the inverse relationship between dietary vitamin B(12) and bioavailability of the vitamin. The dietary supplement of 25 µg was sufficient to maximize hepatic vitamin B(12) retention and to attenuate the nycthemeral decrease of arterial plasma concentration of the vitamin.

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“…Several studies have investigated the potential for enriching the folate content of foods of animal origin with high levels of folic acid supplementation in feed. The folate content of muscle was not significantly increased in pigs fed 10 mg/kg folic acid for 28 days when compared with unsupplemented controls (Giguère et al, 2008). Also, no significant increase compared with unsupplemented controls was observed in the liver of laying hens fed up to 10 mg/kg for up to 56 days (Bunchasak and Kachana, 2009;Tactacan et al, 2010) or in the thigh muscle and liver of chickens for fattening fed 2-32 mg/kg for 42 days: although a numerical increase was observed in breast muscle following supplementation with 2 mg folic acid/kg compared with the unsupplemented group (159 vs 101 μg/kg), no further increase was observed at higher doses .…”

Section: Absorption Distribution Metabolism and Excretion Of Folic mentioning

confidence: 78%

“…The folate content of muscle was not significantly increased in pigs fed 10 mg/kg folic acid for 28 days when compared with unsupplemented controls (Giguère et al, 2008). The folate content of muscle was not significantly increased in pigs fed 10 mg/kg folic acid for 28 days when compared with unsupplemented controls (Giguère et al, 2008).…”

Section: Absorption Distribution Metabolism and Excretion Of Folic mentioning

confidence: 91%

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of folic acid as a feed additive for all animal species

2012

EFSA Journal

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Folic acid, a synthetic folate compound, is converted in animals to biologically active folates. These are essential for DNA synthesis, repair and methylation, in particular nucleotide biosynthesis and remethylation of homocysteine. Oral administration routes of folic acid via feed or water for drinking are considered bioequivalent. Folic acid is safe for the target animals and there is no need to define a maximum content in feed. Population exposure to folic acid/folates in Europe is below the tolerable upper intake level (1 mg/adult/day and 200 µg/toddler/day). As folic acid supplementation of animal feedingstuffs is widespread and routine, exposure figures already contain the contribution from edible tissues and the products of animals fed folic acidsupplemented diets. Liver and milk folate is not influenced by dietary folic acid. The only variation to be expected is in the concentration of folates in eggs and meat. The potential exposure of adults and toddlers resulting from the consumption of eggs and meat from treated animals is, however, small and would be about 60 and 27 µg/person/day, respectively. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that the use of folic acid in animal nutrition is not of concern for the safety of consumers. In the absence of any information, the FEEDAP Panel considers it prudent to treat folic acid as an irritant to skin, eyes and the respiratory tract and as a sensitiser. Folates occur widely in nature (in green vegetables and certain fruits, e.g. citrus). Folic acid added to feed would be excreted as the physiological end-products of folate metabolism. The use of folic acid in animal nutrition does not pose a risk to the environment. Folic acid is regarded as an effective source of folate in animal nutrition. SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of folic acid an additive to feed and water for drinking for all animal species.Folic acid, a synthetic folate compound, is converted in animals to biologically active folates. They are essential for DNA synthesis, repair and methylation, in particular nucleotide biosynthesis and remethylation of homocysteine.Oral administration routes of folic acid via feed or water for drinking are considered bioequivalent.Folic acid is safe for the target animals and there is no need to define a maximum content in feed.Population exposure to folic acid/folates in Europe is below the tolerable upper intake level (1 mg/adult/day and 200 µg/toddler/day). As folic acid supplementation of animal feedingstuffs is widespread and routine, exposure figures already contain the contribution from edible tissues and the products of animals fed folic acid-supplemented diets. Liver and milk folate is not influenced by dietary folic acid. The only variation to be expected is in the concentration of folates in eggs and meat. The potential exposure of adults and toddlers resulting from the consumption of eggs and meat...

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Methionine, folic acid and vitamin B₁₂in growing-finishing pigs: Impact on growth performance and meat quality

Cited by 21 publications

References 38 publications

Homocysteine metabolism, growth performance, and immune responses in suckling and weanling piglets1

Homocysteine metabolism, growth performance, and immune responses in suckling and weanling piglets1

Bioavailability of dietary cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) in growing pigs1

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of folic acid as a feed additive for all animal species

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Methionine, folic acid and vitamin B12in growing-finishing pigs: Impact on growth performance and meat quality

Cited by 21 publications

References 38 publications

Homocysteine metabolism, growth performance, and immune responses in suckling and weanling piglets1

Homocysteine metabolism, growth performance, and immune responses in suckling and weanling piglets1

Bioavailability of dietary cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) in growing pigs1

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of folic acid as a feed additive for all animal species

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Methionine, folic acid and vitamin B₁₂in growing-finishing pigs: Impact on growth performance and meat quality