Method to measure orientation of discontinuous fiber embedded in the polymer matrix from computerized tomography scan data

Gandhi, Umesh; Sebastian, De Boodt; Kunc, Vlastimil; Song, Yang

doi:10.1177/0892705715584411

Cited by 45 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…One is optical section method, and the other is micro-computerized tomography (µ-CT) scan method [28]. Some researchers [28][29][30] have applied the micro-computerized tomography (µ-CT) scan method to get through finished parts. The µ-CT is a Polymers 2020, 12, 24 3 of 19 relatively new method to measure the fiber orientation distribution in FRP parts.…”

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confidence: 99%

Investigation on the Fiber Orientation Distributions and Their Influence on the Mechanical Property of the Co-Injection Molding Products

Huang

Chen

2019

Polymers

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In recent years, due to the rapid development of industrial lightweight technology, composite materials based on fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) have been widely used in the industry. However, the environmental impact of the FRPs is higher each year. To overcome this impact, co-injection molding could be one of the good solutions. But how to make the suitable control on the skin/core ratio and how to manage the glass fiber orientation features are still significant challenges. In this study, we have applied both computer-aided engineering (CAE) simulation and experimental methods to investigate the fiber feature in a co-injection system. Specifically, the fiber orientation distributions and their influence on the tensile properties for the single-shot and co-injection molding have been discovered. Results show that based on the 60:40 of skin/core ratio and same materials, the tensile properties of the co-injection system, including tensile stress and modulus, are a little weaker than that of the single-shot system. This is due to the overall fiber orientation tensor at flow direction (A 11 ) of the co-injection system being lower than that of the single-shot system. Moreover, to discover and verify the influence of the fiber orientation features, the fiber orientation distributions (FOD) of both the co-injection and single-shot systems have been observed using micro-computerized tomography (µ-CT) technology to scan the internal structures. The scanned images were further utilizing Avizo software to perform image analyses to rebuild the fiber structure. Specifically, the fiber orientation tensor at flow direction (A 11 ) of the co-injection system is about 89% of that of the single-shot system in the testing conditions. This is because the co-injection part has lower tensile properties. Furthermore, the difference of the fiber orientation tensor at flow direction (A 11 ) between the co-injection and the single-shot systems is further verified based on the fiber morphology of the µ-CT scanned image. The observed result is consistent with that of the FOD estimation using µ-CT scan plus image analysis. the fiber makes the microstructures inside FRP more complicated than that of general thermoplastics, it causes the recycling of FRP to be very difficult. As higher amounts of FRP are consumed, higher environmental impacts are needed to be addressed now and in future [7]. To overcome this impact, co-injection molding, based on the mechanical recycling process, could be a good solution.Co-injection molding is commonly used as a daily accessory, and in many other contexts. Basically, the co-injection technology can provide several advantages with integrating materials to reduce cost. This technology also allows for the reuse of materials, offers an upgrade in production efficiency, and can make raw skin/recycled core structures. However, there are some challenges for co-injection processes. For example, how to visualize and control suitable skin/core material distribution is very difficult during the processing. To deal w...

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confidence: 99%

Investigation on the Fiber Orientation Distributions and Their Influence on the Mechanical Property of the Co-Injection Molding Products

Huang

Chen

2019

Polymers

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“…Shen et al demonstrated the potential application of micro‐CT imaging to the analysis of short‐fiber orientation distribution. More recently, Gandhi et al adopted the micro‐CT method to estimate the fiber orientation distribution of long curved fibers and compared it with the MoE; their micro‐CT result proved reliable.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many of the recent fundamental researches on long‐fiber suspensions at a transient simple shear flow discuss the dramatic changes in the fiber orientation with respect to the fiber properties, including fiber concentration, fiber type, fiber aspect ratio or fiber length, as well as the resin matrix's viscosity. Also, the consideration of the fiber curvature is primarily related to the fiber orientation measurement of long fibers . The Method of Ellipses (MoE) and the Micro‐Computed Tomography (micro‐CT) scan are the experimental techniques commonly used to quantify the local orientation state of fiber‐reinforced composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accurate predictions of fiber orientation and mechanical properties in long‐fiber‐reinforced composite with experimental validation

Tseng¹,

Goto²,

Chang³

et al. 2017

Polymer Composites

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Mechanical performance of lightweight automotive materials made of long fiber‐reinforced thermoplastic composites is potentially superior to that of short fiber. However, accurate prediction of fiber orientation is critical for determining reliable mechanical properties. Thus, we investigate the representative fiber orientation models under simple shear flow and discuss in regard to a variety of long fiber suspensions. In addition, the laminate orientation structure of skin–shell–core pattern predicted in 3D injection molding simulation is quantitatively compared with experimental data measured via the micro‐computed tomography. Significantly, we show the effect of fiber orientation states on mechanical properties, including tensile modulus and stress–strain response. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:3434–3445, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

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“…The images obtained from Micro-CT were then analyzed using Mimics® Innovation Suite (Materialise NV, Belgium) 25 and then analyzed using our in-house orientation tensor measurement approach. 26 The measured fiber orientation for cases 1, 2, 3, and 5 is presented in Figures 10 to 13, respectively (case 4 was not measured as all the fibers are in one direction only and it was considered not important for verification). The results show that the measured and computed fiber orientation in A11 direction at both locations, that is, A and B is similar in trends.…”

Section: Feamentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the initial fiber alignment on the mechanical properties for GMT composite materials

Song¹,

Gandhi²,

Koziel³

et al. 2017

Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials

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A glass-mat-reinforced thermoplastic (GMT) material is widely used in the automotive industry for components such as underbody shields, seat structures, front/rear bumper, and front-end modulus. Due to the higher residual length of the glass strands, GMT usually offers better mechanical properties than injection-molded fiber-reinforced thermoplastics. The GMT material is typically manufactured by compression molding (CM) of preimpregnated fibers–reinforced resin sheets called mat. Two types of mats, one with discontinuous random (RD) fibers and other with aligned continuous fibers, are considered in this study. A stack of such mats with different combinations is used to tailor the mechanical properties of the final part. During the CM, the fibers in the mat flow with the resin and change the alignment. In this study, we are presenting an approach to account for the initial condition, such as fiber length, orientation and concentration of the fibers in the mat, and process conditions used, to develop a material model for the finished part. First, a stack of mat with known fiber orientation, length, and concentration as initial conditions is simulated for CM to predict the fiber orientation in the finished part. Next, the material model for the finished parts is developed using a Mori–Tanaka homogenization approach. The fiber orientation in the finished part is mapped from the CM simulation. For the fiber concentration and fiber length distribution, we used an empirical approach. The cross section of the finished part is investigated under optical microscope, and the fiber length and concentration are estimated based on the microstructure and initial stacking of mats. The predicted fiber orientation tensor is verified with orientations measured using computerized tomography (CT) scan on actual parts. The material model is verified by comparing the predicted performance with the actual tensile and bending test results.

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Method to measure orientation of discontinuous fiber embedded in the polymer matrix from computerized tomography scan data

Cited by 45 publications

References 20 publications

Investigation on the Fiber Orientation Distributions and Their Influence on the Mechanical Property of the Co-Injection Molding Products

Investigation on the Fiber Orientation Distributions and Their Influence on the Mechanical Property of the Co-Injection Molding Products

Accurate predictions of fiber orientation and mechanical properties in long‐fiber‐reinforced composite with experimental validation

Effect of the initial fiber alignment on the mechanical properties for GMT composite materials

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