Methodological characteristics of the national dietary surveys carried out in the European Union as included in the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database

Merten, Caroline; Ferrari, Pietro; Bakker, Martine; Boss, Andrew; Hearty, Á. P.; Leclercq, Catherine; Lindtner, Oliver; Tlustos, Christina; Verger, P; Volatier, Jean‐Luc; Arcella, Davide

doi:10.1080/19440049.2011.576440

Cited by 140 publications

(151 citation statements)

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“…For several years, there have been efforts to harmonize the assessment of food consumption in Europe to allow international comparisons [4][5][6][7]. 24-h recalls and food records are currently most often used in populationbased dietary surveys in Europe [7][8][9] and were also applied in the German National Nutrition Survey (NVS) II. Because of decreasing response rates in national surveys, the burden for the participants should be kept at a minimum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of food consumption and nutrient intake assessed with three dietary assessment methods: results of the German National Nutrition Survey II

et al. 2017

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Purpose Comparison of food consumption, nutrient intake and underreporting of diet history interviews, 24-h recalls and weighed food records to gain further insight into specific strength and limitations of each method and to support the choice of the adequate dietary assessment method. Methods For 677 participants (14-80 years) of the German National Nutrition Survey II confidence intervals for food consumption and nutrient intake were calculated on basis of bootstrapping samples, Cohen's d for the relevance of differences, and intraclass correlation coefficients for the degree of agreement of dietary assessment methods. Low energy reporters were identified with Goldberg cut-offs. Results In 7 of 18 food groups diet history interviews showed higher consumption means than 24-h recalls and weighed food records. Especially mean values of food groups perceived as socially desirable, such as fruit and vegetables, were highest for diet history interviews. For "raw" and "cooked vegetables", the diet history interviews showed a mean consumption of 144 and 109 g/day in comparison with 68 and 70 g/day in 24-h recalls and 76 and 75 g/day in weighed food records, respectively. For "fruit", diet history interviews showed a mean consumption of 256 g/day in comparison with 164 g/day in 24-h recalls and 147 g/day in weighed food records. No major differences regarding underreporting of energy intake were found between dietary assessment methods. Conclusions With regard to estimating food consumption and nutrient intake, 24-h recalls and weighed food records showed smaller differences and better agreement than pairwise comparisons with diet history interviews.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of food consumption and nutrient intake assessed with three dietary assessment methods: results of the German National Nutrition Survey II

et al. 2017

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“…However, only 6.6% of the data were reported as analysed after further preparation. (Merten et al, 2011). Food consumption data from another ten different dietary surveys specifically focused on children (in particular toddlers from 1 to 3 years old) were gathered by means of the EFSA Article 36 project "Individual food consumption data and exposure assessment studies for children" (acronym EXPOCHI) (EXPOCHI Consortium, 2010;Huybrechts et al, 2010 Related food categories in the Comprehensive Database containing heat-processed foods were merged within their respective main food group to map to the food categories of heat-processed food in the furan occurrence database.…”

Section: Descriptive Statisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on furan levels in food from monitoring years 2004–2010 and exposure assessment

2011

EFS2

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Furan, which can be formed in a variety of heat-treated commercial foods, has been shown to be carcinogenic in animal experiments. The current report provides an update to include all data sampled and analysed between 2004 and 2010 and, in addition to previous reports, presents exposure estimates for different populations. The analysis includes a total of 5,050 analytical results for furan content in food submitted by 20 countries. The highest furan levels were found in coffee with mean values varying between 45 µg/kg for brewed coffee and 3,660 µg/kg for roasted coffee beans. The highest 95 th percentile was reported for roasted coffee beans at 6,407 µg/kg. In the non-coffee categories, mean values ranged between 3.2 µg/kg for infant formula and 49 µg/kg for jarred baby food "vegetables only", the latter also with the highest 95 th percentile of 123 µg/kg. Mean furan exposure across surveys was estimated to range between 0.03 and 0.59 µg/kg b.w. per day for adults, between 0.02 to 0.13 µg/kg b.w. per day for adolescents, between 0.04 and 0.22 µg/kg b.w. per day for other children, between 0.05 to 0.31 µg/kg b.w. per day for toddlers and between 0.09 and 0.22 µg/kg b.w. per day for infants. A major contributor to exposure for adults was brewed coffee with an average of 85% of total furan exposure. Major contributors to furan exposure in toddlers and other children were fruit juice, milk-based products and cereal-based products, whereas in addition for toddlers jarred baby foods were major contributors. To reduce uncertainty associated to exposure estimates future testing should preferably target food products where limited results are available. KEY WORDSFuran, coffee, baby food, jarred food, occurrence, exposure In response to the Commission request, a total of 20 countries have so far submitted analytical results for furan content in food to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). A total of 5,050 complete results were reported for foods sampled between 2004 and 2010. Data were sorted into 21 different food categories (5 coffee and 16 non-coffee categories) in accordance with previously reported results in literature. In the current report, two main categories (jarred baby food and other) out of these 21 categories were further subcategorised into more homogenous subgroups in order to extract further information. In addition, coffee results are divided into results provided for different types of raw coffee and for coffee brews.The five coffee categories showed the highest furan content in comparison to the other food groups, with mean values of 45 µg/kg for brewed coffee, 394 µg/kg for instant coffee powder, 1,936 µg/kg for roasted ground coffee, 2,016 µg/kg for non specified coffee and 3,660 for roasted coffee beans. The highest 95th percentile was determined for roasted coffee beans at 6,407 µg/kg. In the non-coffee categories mean values ranged between 3.2 µg/kg for infant formula and 49 µg/kg for jarred baby food "vegetables only", the latter also with the highest 95th percentile of 123 µg/kg. ...

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“…Two estimates were produced depending on the assessment made on the results below the LOD/LOQ: the lower bound estimate (LB), replacing all results reported as below the LOD/LOQ by 0, and the upper bound estimate (UB), replacing all results reported as below the LOD/LOQ to their respective LOD/LOQ. (EFSA, 2011;Huybrechts et al, 2011;Merten et al, 2011). The Comprehensive database comprises consumption data of 66,642 individuals from 32 surveys carried out in 22 different European countries covering the following age-groups: infants (< 1 year old), toddlers (≥ 1 year to < 3 years old), children (≥ 3 years to < 10 years old), adolescents (≥ 10 years to < 18 years old), adults (≥ 18 years to < 65 years old), elderly (≥ 65 years to < 75 years old) and very elderly (≥ 75 years old).…”

Section: Appendices Appendix a Occurrence Data For Fumonisinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed

Publication¹

2014

EFS2

125

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Following a request from the European Commission, the risks to human and animal health related to modified forms of the Fusarium toxins zearalenone, nivalenol, T‐2 and HT‐2 toxins and fumonisins were evaluated. Modified (often called “masked”) mycotoxins are metabolites of the parent mycotoxin formed in the plant or fungus, e.g. by conjugation with polar compounds. Fumonisins, which are difficult to extract from the plant matrix, are also termed modified mycotoxins. The CONTAM Panel considered it appropriate to assess human exposure to modified forms of the various toxins in addition to the parent compounds, because many modified forms are hydrolysed into the parent compounds or released from the matrix during digestion. For modified forms of zearalenone, nivalenol, T‐2 and HT‐2 toxins and fumonisins, 100 %, 30 %, 10 % and 60 % were added, respectively based on reports on the relative contribution of modified forms. The same factors were used for animal exposure from feed. In the absence of specific toxicity data, toxicity equal to the parent compounds was assumed for modified mycotoxins. Risk characterization was done by comparing exposure scenarios with reference doses of the parent compounds. In humans, all lower bound (LB) and upper bound (UB) mean and 95th percentile exposures to the sum of modified and parent toxins were below the respective provisional maximum tolerable daily intakes (PMTDIs) and tolerable daily intakes (TDIs), with two exceptions: for zearalenone and modified zearalenone the UB 95th percentile exposure was up to 2.2‐fold the TDI. For fumonisins and modified fumonisins the exposure of toddlers and other children exceeded the PMTDI at both the LB and the UB estimates, which could be of concern. For farm animal species and pets the exposure to the sum of modified and parent toxins was in general not of concern. The risk in fish could not be addressed. The CONTAM Panel identified several uncertainties and data gaps for modified mycotoxins.

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Methodological characteristics of the national dietary surveys carried out in the European Union as included in the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database

Cited by 140 publications

References 38 publications

Comparison of food consumption and nutrient intake assessed with three dietary assessment methods: results of the German National Nutrition Survey II

Comparison of food consumption and nutrient intake assessed with three dietary assessment methods: results of the German National Nutrition Survey II

Update on furan levels in food from monitoring years 2004–2010 and exposure assessment

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed

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