“…Examples of minimum pressure guidelines for countries around the world. Source: Smith and Liu (2021) tanks to store water, and variable speed pumps to lift water to upper levels, but the tanks are different-one is a large break tank that holds water at atmospheric pressure, and the other is a small pressurized tank. The former system uses 0.019 kWh to lift 1 m 3 of water 1 m, and the latter arrangement uses less energy-0.010 kWh/m 3 Á m-because pressure provided in the water distribution system is retained (Smith et al, 2017).…”
Section: Emissions For Water Distributionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Examples of minimum pressure guidelines for countries around the world. Source : Smith and Liu (2021)…”
Municipal water and wastewater services have complicated sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and quantifying their roles is critical for tackling global environmental challenges. In this study we provide a systematic review of the state‐of‐the‐art on GHG emission characterizations of China's urban water infrastructure with the aim of shedding light on global implications for sustainable development. We started by synthesizing a framework on GHG emissions associated with water and wastewater infrastructure. Then we analyzed the different sources of GHG emissions in drinking water and wastewater treatment systems. In drinking water services, electricity consumption is the largest source of GHG emissions. A particular concern in China is the common use of secondary pumping for high‐rise buildings. Optimized pressure management with an efficient pumping system should be prioritized. In wastewater services, non‐CO2 emissions such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are substantial, but vary greatly depending on regional and technological differences. Further research directions may include GHG inventory development for urban water systems at the plant level, quantifications of GHG emissions from sewer systems, emission reduction measures via water reclamation, renewable energy recovery, energy efficiency improvement, cost–benefit analyses, and characterizations of Scope 3 emissions.
This article is categorized under:
Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water
Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change
Engineering Water > Planning Water
“…Examples of minimum pressure guidelines for countries around the world. Source: Smith and Liu (2021) tanks to store water, and variable speed pumps to lift water to upper levels, but the tanks are different-one is a large break tank that holds water at atmospheric pressure, and the other is a small pressurized tank. The former system uses 0.019 kWh to lift 1 m 3 of water 1 m, and the latter arrangement uses less energy-0.010 kWh/m 3 Á m-because pressure provided in the water distribution system is retained (Smith et al, 2017).…”
Section: Emissions For Water Distributionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Examples of minimum pressure guidelines for countries around the world. Source : Smith and Liu (2021)…”
Municipal water and wastewater services have complicated sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and quantifying their roles is critical for tackling global environmental challenges. In this study we provide a systematic review of the state‐of‐the‐art on GHG emission characterizations of China's urban water infrastructure with the aim of shedding light on global implications for sustainable development. We started by synthesizing a framework on GHG emissions associated with water and wastewater infrastructure. Then we analyzed the different sources of GHG emissions in drinking water and wastewater treatment systems. In drinking water services, electricity consumption is the largest source of GHG emissions. A particular concern in China is the common use of secondary pumping for high‐rise buildings. Optimized pressure management with an efficient pumping system should be prioritized. In wastewater services, non‐CO2 emissions such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are substantial, but vary greatly depending on regional and technological differences. Further research directions may include GHG inventory development for urban water systems at the plant level, quantifications of GHG emissions from sewer systems, emission reduction measures via water reclamation, renewable energy recovery, energy efficiency improvement, cost–benefit analyses, and characterizations of Scope 3 emissions.
This article is categorized under:
Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water
Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change
Engineering Water > Planning Water
“…20 (0.27 USD 1 ) per thousand liters for treatment of water, whereas only Rs. 5 (0.06 USD) per thousand liters is charged to the consumers (Singh, 2021).…”
Intermittent Water Supply (IWS) is prevalent in most developing countries. Specifically, in India, IWS is existent throughout the country. Many studies focus on documenting the effects of IWS, and rarely the drivers of the IWS regime are studied. In this study, a systematic literature review was conducted on IWS studies around the globe. The various causes for IWS were documented. Then, by studying India's typical water supply system (WSS) configuration, the vicious cycle of IWS in India is discussed. Further, the drivers of IWS were identified and elaborated with the causing mechanisms. This knowledge will help devise strategies and solutions for improving the IWS in India and other developing countries with similar socio-economic conditions.
“…In addition, such enormous water loss from the old and failing infrastructures in Chinese cities can lead to unnecessary energy waste due to the energy–water nexus in the urban water supply system. − The water supply system is one of the main energy consumers and CO 2 emitters in cities . Mainly owing to the thirst for energy in urban water production, distribution, and wastewater treatment, , about 1.7–2.7% of the total primary energy has been used for water supply around the world, and the CO 2 emission from the water system represents 5% of all U.S. carbon emissions .…”
The high water loss rate of the urban
water supply system owing
to the old and failing water supply pipe network may cause serious
water leakage and consequently unnecessary energy waste. Taking water-scarce
China as an example, we evaluated urban water loss and the accompanying
electricity waste from the water supply network for 266 Chinese cities
in 2015 and further designed different water loss control scenarios
to assess the potential water and energy benefits in 2035. Results
indicated that the quantity of water loss equaled the domestic water
demand of 134.0 million urban residents, and the related electricity
waste could meet the electricity demand of 4.4 million urban residents
for a year. The potential water and energy savings in 2035 can reach
up to 4.8–9.7 billion cubic meters and 1.7–3.3 TW·h
in different scenarios, respectively. Cities with water scarcity show
higher water loss rate, more electricity waste, and greater potential
of water and energy savings compared with the others. For water-receiving
cities along the South to North Water Transfer Project, the ratio
of their total urban water loss to their total water transferred was
as high as 70.9% in 2015, and potential water saving can be accounted
for 0.2–44.1% of their total water transferred in 2035. We
suggested that differentiated local water loss control can be an effective
supplement to local water supply and water stress alleviation, as
well as energy conservation.
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