“…Metal-oxide semiconductors (MOS) have electronic properties altered (Ma and Dressendorfer, 1989), elastomer materials used in seals can become embrittled (Wündrich, 1984), and optical components have been known to change their transparency and refractive indices over time (Brichard et al, 2001). Changes in the magnitude of measured errors in motor control were observed by Howard et al (2018). Given enough radiation, these changes in mechanical, optical, or electronic properties can ultimately cause failure in susceptible components, potentially causing the robot to break down.…”