Methodology to prospect electronics compositions and flows, illustrated by material trends in printed circuit boards

Wagner, Michelle; Huisman, Jaco; Løvik, Amund N.; Habib, Hina; Mählitz, Paul; Voet, Ester van der

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127164

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…用 [117,118] ；世界范围内都在追求城市矿山的量化回收 [119][120][121] ；日本于 20 世纪 90 年代初制定的回收指南促进企业采取更多自愿举措。回收循环利用环节的贸易壁垒是指阻碍或限制废物、回收材料或再生材料跨境流通与贸易的各种措施或条款。近年来，中国政府加大了对洋垃圾走私的监管力度，并颁布了进口垃圾禁令 [123][124][125] ，特别是废铜进口相关禁令，对中国铜资源乃至世界铜贸易产生重大影响 [126,127] [10] Dahmus J B. Can efficiency improvements reduce resource con• sumption?…”

Section: 储采比是矿产资源上游可供性分析中的一个重unclassified

Progress and frontiers of critical mineral resource availability research based on the perspective of industrial chain

Yuqi,

Huajiao,

Haizhong

et al. 2024

资源科学

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Section: 储采比是矿产资源上游可供性分析中的一个重unclassified

Progress and frontiers of critical mineral resource availability research based on the perspective of industrial chain

Yuqi,

Huajiao,

Haizhong

et al. 2024

资源科学

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“…Moreover, a study by Wagner et al. (2021) described the historical trends in dematerialization by quantifying extensive data about the effect of miniaturization of products and its relation to printed circuit boards (PCBs). Interestingly, one of the most noteworthy changes in EEE is the decrease in PCBs by weight, directly proportional to the decline in product weight (Wagner et al., 2021).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Also, this last research paper helped to understand the evolution in computers, monitors, printers, televisions, auxiliary devices, and small mobile devices, that is, consumption of appliances has been increasing through time, the average mass decreased in a major part of these products and materials embedded in these products are subject to concerns regarding green efficiency. Moreover, a study by Wagner et al (2021) described the historical trends in dematerialization by quantifying extensive data about the effect of miniaturization of products and its relation to printed circuit boards (PCBs). Interestingly, one of the most noteworthy changes in EEE is the decrease in PCBs by weight, directly proportional to the decline in product weight (Wagner et al, 2021).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…With projections based on EEE stock and a related MFA (Liu et al, 2006(Liu et al, , 2020, cities could establish more realistic goals for e-waste collection. Moreover, composition analysis such as the one performed by Wagner et al (2021) could add transparency to the work done by recyclers to promote a circular economy and the significance of urban mining. Another benefit would be orienting people on how the extension of the lifespan of certain products could be beneficial or harmful to the environment.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Evolution of the stock of electrical and electronic equipment in the Peruvian residential sector

Gusukuma

Kahhat

Cáceres

2022

J of Industrial Ecology

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Consumption of appliances in the residential sector in Peru has been growing continuously during the last 20 years. Although social benefits due to this growth are evident, there are also some related environmental impacts in the use and end-of-life (EoL) phases (e.g., inadequate handling or disposal at the EoL stage). Nevertheless, there is also a hidden potential in the growing stock of household appliances, such as their potential exploitation as resources of industrial materials found in urban areas. Thus, the aim of this research paper is to analyze the evolution of the adoption of electronics in Peruvian households and estimate the stock of electrical and electronic equipment and related materials in the residential sector from 2001 to 2019, and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions due to its use. Material flow analysis is the main methodology used in this research and its application relies on different strategies and the integrated use of official sources. Moreover, a Peruvian input-output table and associated environmental matrices were used to calculate GHG emissions. Results indicate that, in 2019, an average household possessed between 86 and 121 kg of appliances, which means the total stock of household appliances in Peru was in the range of 805,000 to 1,134,000 metric tons, an increase in mass of 70-95% by 2019 compared to 2001. These results will be useful to estimate the urban stock of appliances in the residential sector to help policy-makers design and implement an adequate e-waste management system that comprehends the potential of secondary materials embedded in these products. K E Y W O R D Selectrical and electronic equipment (EEE), household energy demand, e-waste, material flow analysis (MFA), resource recovery, urban mining, urban stocks INTRODUCTIONThe number of household appliances in the global residential sector has increased significantly in the last half-century. For example, while many decades ago it was unusual to see families sitting around a TV set, today it is uncommon for a household to not have at least one TV set. No doubt electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) has entered our homes to stay and change the way we live indoors. Advantages are numerous, and especially apparent during the COVID-19 pandemic. For instance, the significant progress in information, communication, and technologies (ICTs) and EEE, in general, have made the continuance of core activities possible during the pandemic, especially during lockdowns. But, undoubtedly, the change of lifestyle due to EEE adoption has also transformed the ways we interact, behave, and communicate with others (Turkle, 2017).

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“…However, including such EoL scenarios in RA is rarely considered and is made challenging by a lack of data. This challenge of collecting harmonized data on waste flows characteristics and process efficiencies to create EoL scenarios can be approached top down (e.g., by modeling; Donati et al, 2020;Wagner et al, 2021) or bottom up (by collecting data on a process level with batch tests). In waste management, batch tests are an established method for internal quality management and assessing process performances (NVMP Association, 2014;Ueberschaar et al, 2017) for waste EEE (WEEE) (Chancerel et al, 2011(Chancerel et al, , 2016Savi et al, 2013;WEEE Forum, 2013) and EoL vehicles (ELV) (Widmer et al, 2015).…”

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confidence: 99%

Contributions of extended batch tests for assessing technical recyclability: A case study of low‐value battery flows

Mählitz

Korf

Chryssos

2022

J of Industrial Ecology

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Good product recyclability is a prerequisite for the transition to a circular economy.However, today's product complexity and diversity in the urban mine result in heterogeneous and variable waste flows affecting process recycling efficiency (RE) and thus product recyclability. For batteries, waste flow composition and subsequent RE are determined by usage behavior, collection, and sorting into chemical battery subsystems. This study aims to demonstrate how extended batch tests (EBTs) can be used as a method to (a) determine battery-specific RE and (b) derive recommendations for assessing and improving the recyclability of batteries. Three EBTs comprising extensive characterization methods were carried out with mixtures of zinc-based (AZ) and lithium-based (LIB) batteries. The results showed that 0.20-0.27 kg/kg of the input mass was lost through flue gas and not recyclable. The metal fraction (0.15-0.19 kg/kg) was easily recyclable, while the mineral fractions of LIBs posed challenges for recycling and recovery (RR) due to the high elemental heterogeneity and pollutants originating from individual battery subsystems. In total, 0.79 kg/kg of AZs was recyclable, whereas 0.52 kg/kg of LIBs and 0.58 kg/kg of AZLIBs (a mixture of both) were recyclable after further treatment. In conclusion, the study demonstrated how the EBT approach can be used to extend recyclability assessment by providing waste flow characteristics for comparison with output quality requirements, enabling assignment of battery-specific RE and identification of poorly recyclable battery subsystems. Thus, the EBT approach can help improve and assess technical recyclability in the future.

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Methodology to prospect electronics compositions and flows, illustrated by material trends in printed circuit boards

Cited by 9 publications

References 18 publications

Progress and frontiers of critical mineral resource availability research based on the perspective of industrial chain

Progress and frontiers of critical mineral resource availability research based on the perspective of industrial chain

Evolution of the stock of electrical and electronic equipment in the Peruvian residential sector

Contributions of extended batch tests for assessing technical recyclability: A case study of low‐value battery flows

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