Methods, advantages, and limitations of body cooling for exercise performance

Marino, Francesco

doi:10.1136/bjsm.36.2.89

Cited by 188 publications

(214 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…3,4 Despite the ergogenic potential of precooling, the major limitation to its widespread adoption at athletic venues is the impracticality of currently established methods. 1,2 Therefore, a precooling method demonstrating utility for field-based use would be desirable to athletes and athletic support personnel.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,2 Precooling before fixed-intensity submaximal exercise lowers thermal, cardiovascular, and perceptual strain and increases time to exhaustion. 1,2 Precooling before self-paced submaximal exercise lowers thermal responses and produces an ergogenic effect. The higher self-selected work rate often is achieved with equivalent cardiovascular and perceptual responses.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,2 Precooling methods, such as immersion in cool water (<24°C), exposure to cold air (<5°C), wearing of ice vests, and direct application of cold modalities to muscle, typically result in reduced core or skin temperature and produce an associated ergogenic response. 1,2 For example, researchers have reported that approximately 60 minutes of cool-water (approximately 23°C) immersion reduced exercising rectal (T rec ) and skin temperature (T sk ) and improved performance in the heat by increasing the distance covered during 30 minutes of self-paced running by 4.2% (0.3 km) and cycling by 6.0% (0.9 km). 3,4 Despite the ergogenic potential of precooling, the major limitation to its widespread adoption at athletic venues is the impracticality of currently established methods.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Self-Paced Exercise Performance in the Heat After Pre-Exercise Cold-Fluid Ingestion

Byrne

Owen

Cosnefroy

et al. 2011

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context:Precooling is the pre-exercise reduction of body temperature and is an effective method of improving physiologic function and exercise performance in environmental heat. A practical and effective method of precooling suitable for application at athletic venues has not been demonstrated.Objective: To confirm the effectiveness of pre-exercise ingestion of cold fluid without fluid ingestion during exercise on pre-exercise core temperature and to determine whether pre-exercise ingestion of cold fluid alone without continued provision of cold fluid during exercise can improve exercise performance in the heat.Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial. Setting: Environmental chamber at an exercise physiology laboratory that was maintained at 32°C, 60% relative humidity, and 3.2 m/s facing air velocity.Patients or Other Participants: Seven male recreational cyclists (age = 21 ± 1.5 years, height = 1.81 ± 0.07 m, mass = 78.4 ± 9.2 kg) participated.Intervention(s): Participants ingested 900 mL of cold (2°C) or control (37°C) flavored water in 3 300-mL aliquots over 35 minutes of pre-exercise rest.Main Outcome Measure(s): Rectal temperature and thermal comfort before exercise and distance cycled, power output, pacing, rectal temperature, mean skin temperature, heart rate, blood lactate, thermal comfort, perceived exertion, and sweat loss during exercise.Results: During rest, a greater decrease in rectal temperature was observed with ingestion of the cold fluid (0.41 ± 0.16°C) than the control fluid (0.17 ± 0.17°C) over 35 to 5 minutes before exercise (t 6 = -3.47, P = .01). During exercise, rectal temperature was lower after ingestion of the cold fluid at 5 to 25 minutes (t 6 range, 2.53-3.38, P ≤ .05). Distance cycled was greater after ingestion of the cold fluid (19.26 ± 2.91 km) than after ingestion of the control fluid (18.72 ± 2.59 km; t 6 = -2.80, P = .03). Mean power output also was greater after ingestion of the cold fluid (275 ± 27 W) than the control fluid (261 ± 22 W; t 6 = -2.13, P = .05). No differences were observed for pacing, mean skin temperature, heart rate, blood lactate, thermal comfort, perceived exertion, and sweat loss (P > .05).Conclusions: We demonstrated that pre-exercise ingestion of cold fluid is a simple, effective precooling method suitable for field-based application.Key Words: precooling, hyperthermia, time trialKey Points • Ingestion of 900 mL of cold fluid over 35 minutes of pre-exercise rest produced a mean 0.4°C reduction in pre-exercise rectal temperature and resulted in lower rectal temperature during exercise.• Self-paced endurance performance in the heat was improved after pre-exercise ingestion of cold fluid.• Ingesting cold fluid before exercise was a simple, effective precooling method that might be applied at athletic venues before athletes train or compete in the heat.P recooling is the lowering of body temperature before exercise and consistently has been demonstrated as an effective method of improving physiologic function and exercise performance in environmental h...

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Self-Paced Exercise Performance in the Heat After Pre-Exercise Cold-Fluid Ingestion

Byrne

Owen

Cosnefroy

et al. 2011

Journal of Athletic Training

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“…Yapılan araştırmalarda bu merkezdeki nöronlarda melatonin reseptörleri bulunduğu ve melatonin hormonunun bu merkezi etkileyerek vücut ısısında düşmeye neden olduğu belirlenmiştir [37,[59][60][61] Melatonin uygulamasının egzersiz performansını arttırabileceği düşünül-mektedir. [62] Çünkü fiziksel aktivite sırasında kan melatonin düzeylerinin değiştiği saptanmıştır. Ayrıca egzersiz sonrasında melatonin uygulanan ratlarda plazma laktat düzeylerinin düştüğü, ancak kas ve karaciğer glikojen seviyelerinin arttığı saptanmıştır.…”

Section: Melatonin Termoregülasyon Ve Biyolojik Saatteki Göreviunclassified

“…Ayrıca egzersiz sonrasında melatonin uygulanan ratlarda plazma laktat düzeylerinin düştüğü, ancak kas ve karaciğer glikojen seviyelerinin arttığı saptanmıştır. [62] Bu bulgular ışığında melatoninin, egzersiz sırasında vücut sıcaklığını tehlikeli düzeylere çıkmasını engelleyerek performansı arttırdığı söylenebilir.…”

Section: Melatonin Termoregülasyon Ve Biyolojik Saatteki Göreviunclassified

An Overview On Melatonin Hormone

Özçeli̇k¹,

Erdem²,

Bolu³

et al. 2013

Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychia

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ÖZETMelatonin hormonu, son yıllarda tüm dünyada gittikçe artan bir ilgiyle araştı-rılmaktadır. Ana görevi vücudun biyolojik saatini koruyup ritmini ayarlamak olan melatonin, vücudun birçok biyolojik ve fizyolojik süreçlerinde yer alır. Hücrelerin yenilenmesi, bağışıklık siteminin güçlenmesi, uyku ritminin ve vücut ısısının düzenlenmesi diğer önemli görevleri arasındadır. Lipofilik özel-liği nedeniyle bilinen en güçlü antioksidandır. Bu özelliği sayesinde tüm vücut alanlarına ulaşabilmekte ve kan-beyin bariyerini geçebilmektedir. Uyku problemi olan kişilerde melatoninin düşük düzeyde bulunması, ilaç olarak kullanımını akla getirmektedir. Yapılan uygulamaların ardından melatoninin uyku total süresini değiştirmeden uyku kalitesini artırdığı belirlenmiştir. Ancak yaygın araştırılmasına rağmen melatoninin işlevleri halen tamamıyla bilinmemektedir. Bu nedenle melatonin ile ilgili mevcut bilgilerin gözden geçirilmesi, bu alanda araştırma yapanlara rehberlik edecektir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Melatonin, uyku, biyolojik saat, antioksidan. ABSTRACTIn recent years, there is a growing interest in melatonin all over the world. The main task of protecting the body's biological clock, which set the rhythm of melatonin, involves many biological and physiological processes of the body. Cell renewal, strengthening of the immune system and body temperature regulation are other tasks of melatonin. Melatonin, with its lipophilic property, is the most powerful antioxidant as it can reach all body areas and can easily pass the blood-brain barrier. The fact that individuals with low levels of melatonin have sleep problems lead to the consideration of melatonin as a therapeutic medicine in this field. The detailed researches have shown that melatonin can improve sleep quality without changing the total duration of sleep. Nevertheless, despite high number of researches done, the functions ©2013, Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar eISSN:1309-0674 pISSN:1309-0658

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Efficacy of ice slurry and carbohydrate–electrolyte solutions for firefighters

Tabuchi

Horie

Kawanami

et al. 2021

Journal of Occupational Health

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Objectives To examine the thermoregulatory and fluid‐electrolyte responses of firefighters ingesting ice slurry and carbohydrate–electrolyte solutions before and after firefighting operations. Methods Twelve volunteer firefighters put on fireproof clothing and ingested 5 g/kg of beverage in an anteroom at 25°C and 50% relative humidity (RH; pre‐ingestion), and then performed 30 minutes of exercise on a cycle ergometer (at 125 W for 10 minutes and then 75 W for 20 minutes) in a room at 35℃ and 50% RH. The participants then returned to the anteroom, removed their fireproof clothing, ingested 20 g/kg of beverage (post‐ingestion), and rested for 90 minutes. Three combinations of pre‐ingestion and post‐ingestion beverages were provided: a 25℃ carbohydrate–electrolyte solution for both (CH condition); 25℃ water for both (W condition); and a −1.7℃ ice slurry pre‐exercise and 25℃ carbohydrate–electrolyte solution post‐exercise (ICE condition). Results The elevation of body temperature during exercise was lower in the ICE condition than in the other conditions. The sweat volume during exercise was lower in the ICE condition than in the other conditions. The serum sodium concentration and serum osmolality were lower in the W condition than in the CH condition. Conclusions The ingestion of ice slurry while firefighters were wearing fireproof clothing before exercise suppressed the elevation of body temperature during exercise. Moreover, the ingestion of carbohydrate–electrolyte solution by firefighters after exercise was useful for recovery from dehydration.

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Methods, advantages, and limitations of body cooling for exercise performance

Abstract: Precooling studies confirm that increasing body heat is a limiting factor during exercise. However, it seems that precooling is only beneficial for endurance exercise of up to 30–40 minutes rather than intermittent or short duration exercise.

Cited by 188 publications

References 35 publications

Self-Paced Exercise Performance in the Heat After Pre-Exercise Cold-Fluid Ingestion

Self-Paced Exercise Performance in the Heat After Pre-Exercise Cold-Fluid Ingestion

An Overview On Melatonin Hormone

Efficacy of ice slurry and carbohydrate–electrolyte solutions for firefighters

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