Methods for predicting peak discharge of floods caused by failure of natural and constructed earthen dams

Walder, Joseph S.; O’Connor, Jim E.

doi:10.1029/97wr01616

Cited by 315 publications

(237 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…PGA thresholds for the triggering of mass movements in different areas show a large scatter. The threshold of 0.7 m s −2 found out by Wang et al (2010) for the Wenchuan 2008 earthquake relates to the extremely landslide-prone slopes of that area and is not applicable to the southwestern Pamir. Murphy et al (2002) suggested thresholds between 4.5 and 20.4 m s −2 for the rocky slopes of the Tachia Valley in Taiwan.…”

Section: Susceptibility To Lake Outburst Triggered By External Forcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional-scale analysis of lake outburst hazards in the southwestern Pamir, Tajikistan, based on remote sensing and GIS

Mergili

Schneider

2011

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

102

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Abstract. This paper presents an analysis of the hazards emanating from the sudden drainage of alpine lakes in SouthWestern Tajik Pamir. In the last 40 yr, several new lakes have formed in the front of retreating glacier tongues, and existing lakes have grown. Other lakes are dammed by landslide deposits or older moraines. In 2002, sudden drainage of a glacial lake in the area triggered a catastrophic debris flow. Building on existing approaches, a rating scheme was devised allowing quick, regional-scale identification of potentially hazardous lakes and possible impact areas. This approach relies on GIS, remote sensing and empirical modelling, largely based on medium-resolution international datasets. Out of the 428 lakes mapped in the area, 6 were rated very hazardous and 34 hazardous. This classification was used for the selection of lakes requiring in-depth investigation. Selected cases are presented and discussed in order to understand the potentials and limitations of the approach used. Such an understanding is essential for the appropriate application of the methodology for risk mitigation purposes.

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Section: Susceptibility To Lake Outburst Triggered By External Forcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional-scale analysis of lake outburst hazards in the southwestern Pamir, Tajikistan, based on remote sensing and GIS

Mergili

Schneider

2011

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

102

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“…Obviously, the erosion process affects the breach development and the associated outflow rate. To predict key breaching parameters of a landslide dam (i.e., peak outflow rate and failure time), several studies have been performed (Costa, 1985;Evans, 1986;Walder and O'Connor, 1997;Jakob and Jordan, 2001) through statistical analysis of historic data. Several physically-based breach models for embankment dams have also been developed (i.e., DAMBRK -Fread, 1977;BREACH -Fread, 1988;BEED -Singh and Quiroga, 1987;HR-BREACH -Mohamed, 2002;SIMBA -Temple et al, 2005;Hanson et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of the erosion process of landslide dams due to overtopping considering variations in soil erodibility along depth

Chang

Zhang

2010

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

180

103

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Abstract.A landslide dam typically comprises freshly deposited heterogeneous, unconsolidated or poorly consolidated earth materials and is vulnerable to overtopping breaching. A physically-based breach model is presented to simulate the breaching process of such landslide dams. The new model can predict the breach evolution, the erosion rate, and the outflow hydrograph. A spreadsheet is developed to numerically implement the model. The erosion processes of Tangjiashan Landslide Dam and Xiaogangjian Landslide Dam induced by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake are analyzed using the new model. The erodibility of the two landslide dams varies significantly along depth. The predicted key breaching parameters (i.e., final breach size, failure time, and peak outflow rate) considering the variations in the soil erodibility along depth agree well with the observed values. Further sensitivity analysis indicates that the soil erodibility affects the breaching process of a landslide dam significantly. Higher soil erodibility will lead to a larger breach, a shorter failure time and a larger peak outflow rate. The erosion rate of the breach channel in the depth direction decreases with increasing erosion resistance of the landslide deposits. In the two case studies, the key breaching parameters cannot be properly predicted if constant soil erodibility parameters along depth are assumed.

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“…This estimate is based on the following considerations. The observed discharge rate of natural dams with an initial hydraulic head of <20 m during breaching is typically below 2,000 m 3 s −1 (Walder and O'Connor 1997). The flow rate, however, after breaching a dam near Khadinyar would have been moderated by the hydraulic conditions in the Jhelum valley above the dam, that we assume were similar to those that exist at present.…”

Section: Unblocking the Dammentioning

confidence: 85%

A ninth century earthquake-induced landslide and flood in the Kashmir Valley, and earthquake damage to Kashmir’s Medieval temples

Bilham

Bali

2013

Bull Earthquake Eng

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An entry in the Tarikh-i-Hassan records that in 883 AD during the reign of King Avantivarman (855-883) an earthquake in Kashmir triggered a landslide that impounded the River Jhelum and flooded the Kashmir Valley. Kalhana's Rajatarangini provides abundant details about how the ninth century engineer Suyya both cleared the natural dam, drained the valley and instituted numerous irrigation works. We identify the landslide(s) responsible for this Medieval flood and from twentieth century discharge statistics of the Jhelum calculate that it would have taken at least 2 years to flood the Kashmir Valley to near Anantnag. This presents a chronological difficulty, for the causal earthquake could not have occurred in the last 4 months of Avantivarman's rule, and we conclude that it must have occurred much earlier, perhaps before the start of his reign. The flood occurred during a period of widespread temple building using massive uncemented limestone megablocks, capped by monolithic multi-ton roofs. Many of these magnificent temples, now in ruinous condition, are located close to the shores of the inferred Medieval flood level, suggesting that the transport of construction materials for these temples may have been ferried by barge from distant quarries. Historians and archaeologists have attributed the partial collapse of these temples to malicious damage by subsequent occupants of the valley, but the misalignment of blocks at lower levels within each edifice in recent earthquakes suggests that their lateral offsets are the result of jostling during prolonged shaking in historical earthquakes. From the serendipitous entrapment of datable materials beneath fallen blocks from Kashmir's ninth century temples we can, in principle, identify the times of historical earthquakes. We chose the ruined Sugandhesa temple near Patan to test this hypothesis. Preliminary results indicate collapse in the tenth or eleventh century, and significant damage in 1885, with at least one intervening earthquake possibly in the seventieth century.

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Methods for predicting peak discharge of floods caused by failure of natural and constructed earthen dams

Cited by 315 publications

References 19 publications

Regional-scale analysis of lake outburst hazards in the southwestern Pamir, Tajikistan, based on remote sensing and GIS

Regional-scale analysis of lake outburst hazards in the southwestern Pamir, Tajikistan, based on remote sensing and GIS

Simulation of the erosion process of landslide dams due to overtopping considering variations in soil erodibility along depth

A ninth century earthquake-induced landslide and flood in the Kashmir Valley, and earthquake damage to Kashmir’s Medieval temples

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