The transdermal delivery of hydrophilic
drugs remains challenging
owing to their poor ability to permeate the skin; formulation with
oil media is difficult without adding chemical permeation enhancers
or co-solvents. Herein, we synthesized 12 oil-miscible ionic liquid
(IL) drugs comprising lidocaine-, imipramine-, and levamisole (Lev)-hydrochloride
with fatty acid permeation enhancers, i.e., laurate, oleate, linoleate,
and stearate as counterions. A set of in vitro and in vivo studies was performed to investigate the potency
and deliverability of the transdermal drug formulations. All of the
synthesized compounds were freely miscible with pharmaceutically acceptable
solvents/agents (i.e., ethanol, N-methyl pyrrolidone,
Tween 20, and isopropyl myristate (IPM)). In vitro permeation studies revealed that the oleate-based Lev formulation
had 2.6-fold higher skin permeation capability than the Lev salts
and also superior ability compared with the laurate-, linoleate-,
and stearate-containing samples. Upon in vivo transdermal
administration to mice, the peak plasma concentration, elimination
half-life, and area under the plasma concentration curve values of
Lev-IL were 4.6-, 2.9-, and 5.4-fold higher, respectively, than those
of the Lev salt. Furthermore, in vitro skin irritation
and in vivo histological studies have demonstrated
that Lev-IL has excellent biocompatibility compared with a conventional
ionic liquid-based carrier. The results indicate that oil-miscible
IL-based drugs provide a simple and scalable strategy for the design
of effective transdermal drug delivery systems.