Methylglyoxal resistance in <scp><i>B</i></scp><i>acillus subtilis</i>: contributions of bacillithiol‐dependent and independent pathways

Chandrangsu, Pete; Dusi, Renata G.; Hamilton, Chris J.; Helmann, John D.

doi:10.1111/mmi.12489

Cited by 69 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Mutants lacking KefB/ KefC systems are highly sensitive to MG compared with the parent strain (Ferguson et al, 1993). Consistent with previous work in E. coli , a similar system was found to occur with the KhtSTU potassium efflux pump in B. subtilis , albeit activation was attributed to S-lactoylbacillithiol instead of S-lactoylglutathione (Chandrangsu et al, 2014). Although we found the strains included in this study do not produce S-lactoylglutathione as a metabolic intermediate, the inherently low intracellular pH of Lactobacillus likely offers protection from MG toxicity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Thiol-independent MG detoxification is catalyzed by broad-specificity aldo-keto reductases, several of which have been characterized in E. coli (Ko et al, 2005). Previously determined in B. subtilis , the aldo-keto reductase, YhdN, that converts MG to acetol was reported as the single most important detoxification route for this organism, by comparing MG sensitivity between yhdN null, glyoxalase null, and bacillithiol null strains (Chandrangsu et al, 2014). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alternatively, the direct conversion of MG to lactic acid can be catalyzed by a thiol-independent glyoxalase III enzyme previously only characterized in E. coli (Misra et al, 1995; Subedi et al, 2011). In B. subtilis 3 structural homologs (YdeA, YfkM, and YraA) to the glyoxalase III found in E. coli contribute to MG resistance in a thiol-independent manner (Chandrangsu et al, 2014). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lactobacillus demonstrate thiol-independent metabolism of methylglyoxal: Implications toward browning prevention in Parmesan cheese

Gandhi

Cobra

Steele

et al. 2018

Journal of Dairy Science

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Endogenous production of α-dicarbonyls by lactic acid bacteria can influence the quality and consistency of fermented foods and beverages. Methylglyoxal (MG) in Parmesan cheese can contribute toward undesired browning during low temperature ripening and storage conditions, leading to the economic depreciation of affected cheeses. We demonstrate the effects of exogenously added MG on browning and volatile formation using a Parmesan cheese extract (PCE). To determine the influence of Lactobacillus on α-dicarbonyls, strains were screened for their ability to modulate concentrations of MG, glyoxal, and diacetyl in PCE. It was found that a major metabolic pathway of MG in Lactobacillus is a thiol-independent reduction, whereby MG is partially or fully reduced to acetol and 1,2-propanediol, respectively. The majority of lactobacilli grown in PCE accumulated the intermediate acetol, whereas Lactobacillus brevis 367 formed exclusively 1,2-propanediol and Lactobacillus fermentum 14931 formed both metabolites. In addition, we determined the inherent tolerance to bacteriostatic concentrations of MG among lactobacilli grown in rich media. It was found that L. brevis 367 reduces MG exclusively to 1,2-propanediol, which correlates to both its ability to significantly decrease MG concentrations in PCE, as well as its significantly higher tolerance to MG, in comparison to other lactobacilli screened. These findings have broader implications toward lactobacilli as a viable solution for reducing MG-mediated browning of Parmesan cheese.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lactobacillus demonstrate thiol-independent metabolism of methylglyoxal: Implications toward browning prevention in Parmesan cheese

Gandhi

Cobra

Steele

et al. 2018

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…Methylglyoxal, a highly reactive dicarbonyl compound, is a toxic by-product of glycolysis. It is synthesized by methylglyoxal synthase under conditions of excessive carbon flux or phosphate limitation, which lead to an imbalance in the metab- olism between the carbon rate acquisition and the glycolysis (35). The toxicity of methylglyoxal is due to its ability to interact with the nucleophilic centers of macromolecules.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Transcriptional Analysis of Virus-Host Interactions between Phage ϕ29 and Bacillus subtilis

Mojardín

Salas

2016

J Virol

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The study of phage-host relationships is essential to understanding the dynamic of microbial systems. Here, we analyze genomewide interactions of Bacillus subtilis and its lytic phage 29 during the early stage of infection. Simultaneous high-resolution analysis of virus and host transcriptomes by deep RNA sequencing allowed us to identify differentially expressed bacterial genes. Phage 29 induces significant transcriptional changes in about 0.9% (38/4,242) and 1.8% (76/4,242) of the host protein-coding genes after 8 and 16 min of infection, respectively. Gene ontology enrichment analysis clustered upregulated genes into several functional categories, such as nucleic acid metabolism (including DNA replication) and protein metabolism (including translation). Surprisingly, most of the transcriptional repressed genes were involved in the utilization of specific carbon sources such as ribose and inositol, and many contained promoter binding-sites for the catabolite control protein A (CcpA). Another interesting finding is the presence of previously uncharacterized antisense transcripts complementary to the well-known phage 29 messenger RNAs that adds an additional layer to the viral transcriptome complexity. IMPORTANCEThe specific virus-host interactions that allow phages to redirect cellular machineries and energy resources to support the viral progeny production are poorly understood. This study provides, for the first time, an insight into the genome-wide transcriptional response of the Gram-positive model Bacillus subtilis to phage 29 infection. Due to their small dimension and limited size of genomes, bacteriophages have optimized the exploitation of host resources to increase the production of the viral progeny. A comprehensive understanding of these host-virus interactions requires the analysis of associated transcriptional changes in both organisms. Thus, we used the recently developed RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology to monitor to a high level of accuracy and depth the genome-wide effect of the bacteriophage 29 on Bacillus subtilis transcription. The transcriptome profiles were analyzed at two early infection time points (8 and 16 min postinfection) so that the identification of the bacterial genes corresponding to these stages could allow the identification of potential phage targets.Phage 29 is a well-characterized lytic virus that belongs to the Podoviridae family. Over the years, it has been the subject of many extensive studies that have contributed to the understanding of several molecular mechanisms of biological processes, such as transcription regulation, viral DNA packaging, viral morphogenesis, and DNA replication (1). Phage 29 genome consists of a linear double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) molecule of 19,285 bp, which encodes 28 open reading frames (ORFs) transcribed from four early and one late promoters. The viral genes are expressed in a temporal sequence to ensure that DNA replication, and the production and assembly of viral components occur in an orderly fashion. Thus, bacterial cells inf...

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“…Therefore, the formation of methylglyoxal has to be tightly controlled, and the bacterium needs efficient mechanisms for its disposal. Indeed, three pathways for the degradation of methylglyoxal to lactate or acetol have been discovered in B. subtilis (28).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural basis for the regulatory interaction of the methylglyoxal synthase MgsA with the carbon flux regulator Crh in

Dickmanns

Zschiedrich

Arens

et al. 2018

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Utilization of energy-rich carbon sources such as glucose is fundamental to the evolutionary success of bacteria. Glucose can be catabolized via glycolysis for feeding the intermediary metabolism. The methylglyoxal synthase MgsA produces methylglyoxal from the glycolytic intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Methylglyoxal is toxic, requiring stringent regulation of MgsA activity. In the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis, an interaction with the phosphoprotein Crh controls MgsA activity. In the absence of preferred carbon sources, Crh is present in the nonphosphorylated state and binds to and thereby inhibits MgsA. To better understand the mechanism of regulation of MgsA, here we performed biochemical and structural analyses of B. subtilis MgsA and of its interaction with Crh. Our results indicated that MgsA forms a hexamer (i.e. a trimer of dimers) in the crystal structure, whereas it seems to exist in an equilibrium between a dimer and hexamer in solution. In the hexamer, two alternative dimers could be distinguished, but only one appeared to prevail in solution. Further analysis strongly suggested that the hexamer is the biologically active form. In vitro cross-linking studies revealed that Crh interacts with the Nterminal helices of MgsA and that the Crh-MgsA binding inactivates MgsA by distorting and thereby blocking its active site. In summary, our results http://www.jbc.org/cgi

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Methylglyoxal resistance in Bacillus subtilis: contributions of bacillithiol‐dependent and independent pathways

Cited by 69 publications

References 45 publications

Lactobacillus demonstrate thiol-independent metabolism of methylglyoxal: Implications toward browning prevention in Parmesan cheese

Lactobacillus demonstrate thiol-independent metabolism of methylglyoxal: Implications toward browning prevention in Parmesan cheese

Global Transcriptional Analysis of Virus-Host Interactions between Phage ϕ29 and Bacillus subtilis

Structural basis for the regulatory interaction of the methylglyoxal synthase MgsA with the carbon flux regulator Crh in

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