The
direct immobilization and destruction of two compounds relevant
to chemical warfare agents, ethyl methylphosphonic acid (EMPA) and
thiodiglycol (TDG), within a freshly mixed Portland cement paste was
studied. Cement hydration and phase formation were analyzed to determine
the upper limits on the loading of these chemicals achievable in an
immobilization setting. EMPA, a degradation product of the nerve agent
VX, alters the phase formation within the cements, allowing calcium
aluminate dissolution while retarding hydration of calcium silicate
clinker phases. This yielded ettringite, and sufficient calcium silicate
hydrate for setting at 10 wt % loading, but the cohesive calcium silicate
binding phase was lacking when EMPA was added at 25 wt %. The addition
of TDG, a degradation product of sulfur mustard, uniformly retards
the entire range of cement hydration mechanisms. Heat output was lowered
and extended over a longer time frame, and less strength forming phases
were produced. Up to 10% wt. TDG could be accommodated by the cement,
but higher loadings caused severe disruption to the cement setting.
This work demonstrates the ability of Portland cement to directly
incorporate up to 10% wt. of these contaminants, and still form a
stable set cement with conventional hydration phases.