Metropolitan wastewater analysis for COVID-19 epidemiological surveillance

Abstract

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Fate of COVID-19 Occurrences in Wastewater Systems: Emerging Detection and Treatment Technologies—A Review

“…The improved utilization of established methods and the changing analytical techniques began incorporating nanoor micro-sized magnetic beads (MBs) [39]. Randazzo et al [6] indicated that the presence of surface functional groups creates a speedy response to an applied magnetic field, uniform and high magnetite content, homogenous size distribution and colloidal stability of magnetic nanoparticles which are some of the specific properties of MBs in the analytical applications. The magnetic behavior associated with magnetic nanoparticles, mostly of ferromagnetic materials, enhances simple isolation of analytes from complex matrices such as environmental and biological samples [39].…”

“…Recently, applications of magnetic separation have been introduced in biotechnology for analytical applications, separation of cells, sewage treatment, protein digestion and purifications [6,9,34,39]. Furthermore, integrating MBs with aptamers opens up additional opportunities in various applications including disease diagnosis using biosensors, cell imaging and labelling and magnetic resonance imaging, disease therapy, water purification, wastewater treatment, sewage treatment, and sample preparation [34,39].…”

“…This is carried out by connecting specific ligands on the outside of MBs and isolating the MB-bound analytes with the guide of an outer magnetic field. Additionally, with specifications, MBs could then function with different responsive groups, like tosyls, epoxyls, carboxyls, and amines which can be utilized to immobilize ligands with high affinity including antibodies, proteins, aptamers, among others, based on the accepted applications [6,39]. Recently, applications of magnetic separation have been introduced in biotechnology for analytical applications, separation of cells, sewage treatment, protein digestion and purifications [6,9,34,39].…”

“…Additionally, with specifications, MBs could then function with different responsive groups, like tosyls, epoxyls, carboxyls, and amines which can be utilized to immobilize ligands with high affinity including antibodies, proteins, aptamers, among others, based on the accepted applications [6,39]. Recently, applications of magnetic separation have been introduced in biotechnology for analytical applications, separation of cells, sewage treatment, protein digestion and purifications [6,9,34,39]. Furthermore, integrating MBs with aptamers opens up additional opportunities in various applications including disease diagnosis using biosensors, cell imaging and labelling and magnetic resonance imaging, disease therapy, water purification, wastewater treatment, sewage treatment, and sample preparation [34,39].…”

“…The vast range of sewage microbial diseases have been found to cause remarkable morbidity and mortality everywhere throughout the world. Sewage gives a perfect developing condition to various sorts of micro-organisms, including yeasts, fungi, algae, protozoa, viruses, and bacteria [6]. According to Mishra et al [44], the level of heterotrophic, autotrophic, saprophytic, non-pathogenic, and pathogenic forms varies with their sources.…”