“…Compared to these traditional recognition algorithms, machine learning based on a large number of data samples can fit a very complex and accurate prediction function, so it is increasingly used in the field of acoustic detection. Typical machine learning based audio recognition algorithms comprises decision trees [ 35 ], linear discriminant analysis (LDA) [ 36 ], support vector machines (SVMs) [ 37 ], the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) [ 38 ], self-organizing maps (SOMs) [ 39 ], long short-term memory (LSTM) [ 40 ], the hidden Markov model (HMM) [ 41 ], and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) [ 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ]. As computers become more powerful, researchers are processing larger amounts of data.…”