MgFeSiO 4 as a potential cathode material for magnesium batteries: ion diffusion rates and voltage trends

Wang

Advanced Energy Materials

et al. 2020

177

117

Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs), which have attracted tremendous attention in large‐scale energy storage applications beyond lithium ion batteries, have many advantages such as high volumetric capacity, low cost, and environmental friendliness. However, the strong polarization effect, slow kinetic de‐intercalation of Mg2+ ions, and the incompatibility between electrodes and electrolytes limit their commercial application. Thus, developing stable and high‐efficiency electrode materials and optimization of electrolytes are key to promoting the practical application of RMBs. In this review, a summary and discussion are provided regarding the recent progress in the development of the key materials for RMBs, including cathodes, anodes, and electrolytes. The cathode materials including intercalation type cathodes and conversion type cathodes are classified and introduced in detail by the reaction mechanism, the effects of structure on the kinetics of Mg2+ ion migration are clarified; the modification and interface issues of Mg anode materials are comprehensively stated, and the potential development prospects of RMB electrolytes are systematically analyzed. In addition, the main opportunities and challenges in this field are briefly elaborated and discussed. Finally, this review will provide a framework for the key materials for RMBs as a reference for future research.

Section: Cathodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cathodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and Recent Progress on Key Materials for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries

Wang

Advanced Energy Materials

et al. 2020

177

117

Advanced Energy Materials

“…[ 92,93 ] Therefore, a series of olivine structure cathode materials have been reported for RMBs. Orikasa et al [ 94 ] presented ion‐exchange synthesized MgFeSiO 4 from Li 2 FeSiO 4 showed an attractive specific capacity over 300 mAh g −1 at a potential of 2.4 V. Heath et al [ 95 ] also used modeling techniques to systematically study the conduction of Mg 2+ . As shown in Figure 4 a, the Mg 2+ migration energy and diffusion coefficient ( D Mg ) of MgFeSiO 4 are 0.6 eV and 10 −9 cm 2 s −1 , respectively, which are favorable for Mg 2+ intercalation compared with other RMBs cathodes.…”

Section: Cathode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cathode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Rechargeable Magnesium‐Based Batteries for High‐Efficiency Energy Storage

Guo

Zhao

et al. 2020

175

106

of lithium resources in the earth's crust (0.0022 wt%). [9] Therefore, it is critical to develop new battery systems. [10] Multivalent-ion batteries can in principle provide higher energy density than monovalent LIBs, which could overcome the aforementioned problems by employing a non-Li metallic anode. [11][12][13] Among various candidates, rechargeable magnesium batteries have many advantages over LIBs, such as abundant Mg resources, small ionic radius (0.72 Å) and high theoretical volumetric capacity (3833 mAh cm −3 ) (Figure 1a). Particularly, RMBs are inherently safer than LIBs because metallic Mg anodes are dendrite-free upon cycling. [14][15][16][17] In addition, Mg also possesses higher oxidative stability than lithium. [18] The configurations and working mechanisms of RMBs are similar to those of LIBs (Figure 1b,c). However, the current research on RMBs still faces many challenges. Particularly, metallic Mg anodes have a strong tendency to form an insulated and passivating surface layer, which kinetically blocks electrochemical reactions at room temperature. [19][20][21] Such passivating layers engender difficulty for choosing compatible electrodes and electrolytes. [22,23] In addition, many RMBs electrolytes are air-sensitive, highly corrosive and flammable, [24,25] which poses a threat to their practical applications. Additionally, it is challenging to quest for suitable cathode materials with the rapid intercalation/ deintercalation of Mg 2+ at room temperature, considering the complex reaction mechanism of Mg-based electrochemistry. Many useful pioneering works have been devoted to developing cathode materials for RMBs (Figure 1d). [26][27][28] The strong electrostatic interaction of Mg 2+ inevitably results in sluggish kinetics, which is kinetically slower than Li + , especially at room temperature. [19] In this review, we summarize recently developed cathode materials for rechargeable magnesium-ion batteries. The anode materials beyond Mg metal are also discussed. Furthermore, we explored other Mg-based energy storage technologies, including Mg-air batteries, Mg-sulfur batteries, and Mg-iodine batteries. This review could also provide basic knowledge and valuable strategies for the advancement of high-energy-density rechargeable magnesium-based batteries. Cathode MaterialsSimilar to LIBs, the working mechanism of RMBs batteries are based on the shuttle of Mg 2+ ions between cathode and anode Benefiting from higher volumetric capacity, environmental friendliness and metallic dendrite-free magnesium (Mg) anodes, rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) are of great importance to the development of energy storage technology beyond lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, their practical applications are still limited by the absence of suitable electrode materials, the sluggish kinetics of Mg 2+ insertion/extraction and incompatibilities between electrodes and electrolytes. Herein, a systematic and insightful review of recent advances in RMBs, including intercalation-based cathode materials and conversion...

Section: Olivine Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure Characteristics of Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries

Han

Wang

et al. 2019

Small

Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) that use pure Mg or Mg alloy as anode and materials allowing Mg ions to insert/extract as cathode have many advantages such as high energy density, environmental friendliness, low cost, and safety of handling. RMBs are regarded as a promising candidate for portable power sources and heavy load energy devices. However, there are still some technological issues impeding their commercial application. The most important issue is the absence of applicable cathode materials because of the high charge density, strong polarization effect, and very slow insertion/extraction speed of Mg2+ ions. In recent years, the research reports on the cathode materials of RMBs have increased significantly. Here, an extensive number of research papers are reviewed in terms of the microstructure characteristics of cathode materials for RMBs. The status and issues of cathode materials are analyzed and discussed in detail. The future development directions and perspectives are prospected for providing an understanding of the related research activities on RMBs.