“…Increment of population, industrial activities and hazardous gas emissions has urged the world to explore potential solution in shifting main energy sources to renewable energy due to the huge energy demand (Mofijur et al, 2013a;Peter et al, 2021). The introduction of renewable diesel (RD) as fossil fuel replacement is attractive due to its similarity of chemical structure with petroleum diesel.…”
Renewable diesel as a potential sustainable energy source in future requires catalysts to convert the feedstocks into end products. Among various type of catalysts, bimetallic catalysts are widely applied in the renewable diesel production due to their unique catalytic properties and enhanced catalytic activities, which differ from their parent monometallic catalysts. This mini review comprised of the brief introduction on technologies in producing renewable diesel and aims to discuss the underneath knowledge of synergistic interactions in bimetallic catalysts that synthesized through various techniques. The novelty of this review reveals the recent development of renewable diesel production, highlighting the mechanisms of bimetallic catalysts in the enhancement of the catalytic activity, and exploring their possibilities as practical solution in industrial production.
“…Increment of population, industrial activities and hazardous gas emissions has urged the world to explore potential solution in shifting main energy sources to renewable energy due to the huge energy demand (Mofijur et al, 2013a;Peter et al, 2021). The introduction of renewable diesel (RD) as fossil fuel replacement is attractive due to its similarity of chemical structure with petroleum diesel.…”
Renewable diesel as a potential sustainable energy source in future requires catalysts to convert the feedstocks into end products. Among various type of catalysts, bimetallic catalysts are widely applied in the renewable diesel production due to their unique catalytic properties and enhanced catalytic activities, which differ from their parent monometallic catalysts. This mini review comprised of the brief introduction on technologies in producing renewable diesel and aims to discuss the underneath knowledge of synergistic interactions in bimetallic catalysts that synthesized through various techniques. The novelty of this review reveals the recent development of renewable diesel production, highlighting the mechanisms of bimetallic catalysts in the enhancement of the catalytic activity, and exploring their possibilities as practical solution in industrial production.
“…As a type of biomass, algae recently showed some merits in producing biofuels, such as high lipid productivity, carbon dioxide capture, high growth rate, limited land requirement and high production yields (Sekar et al 2021;Peter et al 2021). Then again, there are still challenges, such as the post-processing of algae and the cultivation process.…”
Section: Production Of Liquid Biofuel Such As Methanol and Bio-oil From Biomassmentioning
The global energy demand is projected to rise by almost 28% by 2040 compared to current levels. Biomass is a promising energy source for producing either solid or liquid fuels. Biofuels are alternatives to fossil fuels to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Nonetheless, policy decisions for biofuels should be based on evidence that biofuels are produced in a sustainable manner. To this end, life cycle assessment (LCA) provides information on environmental impacts associated with biofuel production chains. Here, we review advances in biomass conversion to biofuels and their environmental impact by life cycle assessment. Processes are gasification, combustion, pyrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis routes and fermentation. Thermochemical processes are classified into low temperature, below 300 °C, and high temperature, higher than 300 °C, i.e. gasification, combustion and pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is promising because it operates at a relatively lower temperature of up to 500 °C, compared to gasification, which operates at 800–1300 °C. We focus on 1) the drawbacks and advantages of the thermochemical and biochemical conversion routes of biomass into various fuels and the possibility of integrating these routes for better process efficiency; 2) methodological approaches and key findings from 40 LCA studies on biomass to biofuel conversion pathways published from 2019 to 2021; and 3) bibliometric trends and knowledge gaps in biomass conversion into biofuels using thermochemical and biochemical routes. The integration of hydrothermal and biochemical routes is promising for the circular economy.
“…Furthermore, they may have biomagnification, toxicity, and even carcinogenic properties, all of which can be harmful to human health [ 15 , 150 , 151 ]. As a result, textile wastewaters are a source of concern and should be carefully treated to mitigate their environmental impact [ 152 – 155 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Azo Dyes As Aromatic Textile Wastewater Pollutantsmentioning
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can be produced from a range of organic and renewable feedstock including fresh or vegetable oils, animal fats, and oilseed plants. In recent years, the lignin-based aromatic wastes, such as various aromatic waste polymers from agriculture, or organic dye wastewater from textile industry, have attracted much attention in academia, which can be uniquely selected as a potential renewable feedstock for biodiesel product converted by yeast cell factory technology. This current investigation indicated that the highest percentage of lipid accumulation can be achieved as high as 47.25% by an oleaginous yeast strain, Meyerozyma caribbica SSA1654, isolated from a wood-feeding termite gut system, where its synthetic oil conversion ability can reach up to 0.08 (g/l/h) and the fatty acid composition in yeast cells represents over 95% of total fatty acids that are similar to that of vegetable oils. Clearly, the use of oleaginous yeasts, isolated from wood-feeding termites, for synthesizing lipids from aromatics is a clean, efficient, and competitive path to achieve "a sustainable development" towards biodiesel production. However, the lacking of potent oleaginous yeasts to transform lipids from various aromatics, and an unknown metabolic regulation mechanism presented in the natural oleaginous yeast cells are the fundamental challenge we have to face for a potential cell factory development. Under this scope, this review has proposed a novel concept and approach strategy in utilization of oleaginous yeasts as the cell factory to convert aromatic wastes to lipids as the substrate for biodiesel transformation. Therefore, screening robust oleaginous yeast strain(s) from wood-feeding termite gut system with a set of the desirable specific tolerance characteristics is essential. In addition, to reconstruct a desirable metabolic pathway/network to maximize the lipid transformation and accumulation rate from the aromatic wastes with the applications of various “omics” technologies or a synthetic biology approach, where the work agenda will also include to analyze the genome characteristics, to develop a new base mutation gene editing technology, as well as to clarify the influence of the insertion position of aromatic compounds and other biosynthetic pathways in the industrial chassis genome on the expressional level and genome stability. With these unique designs running with a set of the advanced biotech approaches, a novel metabolic pathway using robust oleaginous yeast developed as a cell factory concept can be potentially constructed, integrated and optimized, suggesting that the hypothesis we proposed in utilizing aromatic wastes as a feedstock towards biodiesel product is technically promising and potentially applicable in the near future.
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