“…Different CNN structures have been developed to solve image processing, pattern recognition, classification, and other problems. Recently, CNNs have been used for facial recognition (Lawrence, Giles, Ah Chung, & Back, 1997), handwritten character classification (Ciresan, Meier, Gambardella, & Schmidhuber, 2011), visual document analysis (Simard, Steinkraus, & Platt, 2003), face sketch synthesis (Jiao, Zhang, Li, Liu, & Ma, 2018), microaneurysm detection (Chudzik, Majumdar, Calivá, Al-Diri, & Hunter, 2018), fingerprint enhancement (Li, Feng, & Kuo, 2018), the segmentation of glioma tumours in brains (Hussain, Anwar, & Majid, 2018), handwriting recognition (Baldominos, Saez, & Isasi, 2018), granite tile classification (Ferreira & Giraldi, 2017), segmenting the neuroanatomy (Wachinger, Reuter, & Klein, 2018), change detection using heterogeneous optical and radar images (Liu, Gong, Qin, & Zhang, 2018), predicting eye fixations (Liu, Han, Liu, & Li, 2018), improving acoustic source localization in noisy and reverberant conditions (Salvati, Drioli, & Foresti, 2018), chest disease detection (Abiyev & Ma'aitah, 2018), short-term wind speed forecasting (Khodayar, Kaynak, & Khodayar, 2017), natural language processing (Kalchbrenner, Grefenstette, & Blunsom, 2014), and image and video recognition problems (Karpathy et al, 2014) and showed good results.…”