Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection

Abstract

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the leading cause of epidemic encephalitis worldwide. JEV-induced neuroinflammation is characterized by profound neuronal cells damage accompanied by activation of glial cells. Albeit long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been emerged as important regulatory RNAs with profound effects on various biological processes, it is unknown how lncRNAs regulate JEV-induced inflammation. Here, using microarray approach, we identified 618 lncRNAs and 1,007 mRNAs differentially expressed in JEV-infected mice brain. The functional annotation analysis revealed that differentially regulated transcripts were predominantly involved in various signaling pathways related to host immune and inflammatory responses. The lncRNAs with their potential to regulate JEV-induced inflammatory response were identified by constructing the lncRNA-mRNA coexpression network. Furthermore, silencing of the two selected lncRNAs (E52329 and N54010) resulted in reducing the phosphorylation of JNK and MKK4, which are known to be involved during inflammatory response. Collectively, we first demonstrated the transcriptomic landscape of lncRNAs in mice brain infected with JEV and analyzed the coexpression network of differentially regulated lncRNAs and mRNAs during JEV infection. Our results provide a better understanding of the host response to JEV infection and suggest that the identified lncRNAs may be used as potential therapeutic targets for the management of Japanese encephalitis.

Compound Danshen Dripping Pill Inhibits Retina Cell Apoptosis in Diabetic Rats

“…To reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying in the retinal effects CDDP in diabetic rats, we performed a genome-wide expression profiling analysis on total RNA isolated from the retinas of the HCDDP group and the diabetic group ( n = 3 in each group) ( Hargadon, 2015 ; Funderburk et al, 2017 ; Gambara et al, 2017 ; Li et al, 2017 ). We found that 262 genes were differentially expressed in the retinas of HCDDP-treated rats (fold change >1.5, P < 0.05).…”

Involvement and Roles of Long Noncoding RNAs in the Molecular Mechanisms of Emerging and Reemerging Viral Infections

“…Furthermore, Gene Ontology and network analysis revealed that the pathways associated with lncRNAs and mRNAs upregulation were related to antiviral innate immunity, inflammatory response, apoptotic, acetylation, and nucleotide binding. Moreover, the coexpression network analysis of selected lncRNAs and mRNAs indicated their interaction with three mRNAs, Nod1, Tap2, and Col4a1, which are involved in activating JNK cascade and NFκB production (Li et al, 2017).…”

“…Despite the extensive studies on host antiviral strategies, the exact underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Studies on the involvement of lncRNAs in viralÀhost interactions added an additional layer of complexity and provided new insights into understanding responsible molecular pathways (Peng et al, 2010;Imamura et al, 2014;Li et al, 2017). A summary of main mechanisms is provided in Table 6.2.…”

“…Using microarray analysis on mouse brains, Li et al (2017) identified 1007 mRNAs and 518 lncRNAs during infection with Japanese encephalitis virus. Furthermore, Gene Ontology and network analysis revealed that the pathways associated with lncRNAs and mRNAs upregulation were related to antiviral innate immunity, inflammatory response, apoptotic, acetylation, and nucleotide binding.…”

Long Non-coding RNA NONSUST006715.1&nbsp;Suppresses Japanese Encephalitis Virus Proliferation in PK-15 Cells

“…Although many studies have investigated the molecular mechanisms by which micro RNAs (miRNAs) regulate JEV replication and proliferation [17][18][19][20], the molecular mechanism of the effect of lncRNA on JEV proliferation remains to be explored. Recent studies have shown that lncRNA Malat1 was signi cantly upregulated in JEV-infected mouse Neuro2a cells via the PERK endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathway [21], and that silencing lncRNA E52329 and N54010 can regulate the in ammatory response in JEV-infected mouse microglia cells by reducing the phosphorylation levels of JNK and MKK4 [22].…”