Microbial conversion of major ginsenosides in ginseng total saponins by Platycodon grandiflorum endophytes

Abstract

BackgroundIn this study, we screened and identified an endophyte JG09 having strong biocatalytic activity for ginsenosides from Platycodon grandiflorum, converted ginseng total saponins and ginsenoside monomers, determined the source of minor ginsenosides and the transformation pathways, and calculated the maximum production of minor ginsenosides for the conversion of ginsenoside Rb1 to assess the transformation activity of endophyte JG09.MethodsThe transformation of ginseng total saponins and ginsenoside monomers Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg1 into minor ginsenosides F2, C-K and Rh1 using endophyte JG09 isolated by an organizational separation method and Esculin-R2A agar assay, as well as the identification of transformed products via TLC and HPLC, were evaluated. Endophyte JG09 was identified through DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis.ResultsA total of 32 β-glucosidase-producing endophytes were screened out among the isolated 69 endophytes from P. grandiflorum. An endophyte bacteria JG09 identified as Luteibacter sp. effectively converted protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd into minor ginsenosides F2 and C-K, and converted protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside Rg1 into minor ginsenoside Rh1. The transformation pathways of major ginsenosides by endophyte JG09 were as follows: Rb1→Rd→F2→C-K; Rb2→C-O→C-Y→C-K; Rc→C-Mc1→C-Mc→C-K; Rg1→Rh1. The maximum production rate of ginsenosides F2 and C-K reached 94.53% and 66.34%, respectively.ConclusionThis is the first report about conversion of major ginsenosides into minor ginsenosides by fermentation with P. grandiflorum endophytes. The results of the study indicate endophyte JG09 would be a potential microbial source for obtaining minor ginsenosides.

Simultaneous analysis of nucleobases, nucleosides and ginsenosides in ginseng extracts using supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with single quadrupole mass spectrometry

“…Compound CK could not be detected in most ginseng extracts except a small amount in the Jiangqing 201301, Linjiang 201303, and Fusong 201201 samples, which confirmed the results from a previous report [38]. The reason for the presence of compound CK is related to the possible transformation of some ginsenosides (such as Rb 1 , Rb 2 , Rc, Rd, Rg 1 ) into this compound [38]. These results strongly suggest that specifications and systematic quality control should be required for commercial ginseng products.…”

“…For instance, thymine showed the highest content in Hunqing 201301 sample, while the highest content of ginsenosides Rf and Rc were observed in Fusong 201305 and Fusong 201201 samples, respectively. Compound CK could not be detected in most ginseng extracts except a small amount in the Jiangqing 201301, Linjiang 201303, and Fusong 201201 samples, which confirmed the results from a previous report [38]. The reason for the presence of compound CK is related to the possible transformation of some ginsenosides (such as Rb 1 , Rb 2 , Rc, Rd, Rg 1 ) into this compound [38].…”

Anti‐inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of ginseng extract bioconverted by Leuconostoc mesenteroides KCCM 12010P isolated from kimchi

“…Esculin agar contained TSA or MRS agar, 0.1% esculin and 0.05% ferric chloride (Cui et al, 2015). A total of 166 isolates of LAB from cabbage kimchi (n = 78), radish kimchi (n = 35), green onion kimchi (n = 25), dongchimi (n = 18) and jangajji (n = 10) were used for screening.…”

“…In addition, several studies on microbial bioconversion pathway of ginsenoside have been conducted using HPLC assay (Dong et al, 2017). Minor ginsenosides have higher bioavailability than major ginsenosides due to deglycosylation and small size (Cui et al, 2015). Minor ginsenosides have higher bioavailability than major ginsenosides due to deglycosylation and small size (Cui et al, 2015).…”

“…Major ginsenosides (Rb 1 , Rb 2 , Rc, Rd, Re and Rg 1 ), which are mainly present in ginseng, were converted to minor ginsenosides [Rg 2 , Rg 3 , Rh 1 , Rg 2 and compound K (CK)] by microorganisms (Chang et al, 2014;Huq et al, 2014). Minor ginsenosides have higher bioavailability than major ginsenosides due to deglycosylation and small size (Cui et al, 2015). Previous studies have confirmed that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) such as Lactobacillus spp., Leuconostoc spp.…”