Microbial Lipopeptide-Producing Strains and Their Metabolic Roles under Anaerobic Conditions

Abstract

The lipopeptide produced by microorganisms is one of the representative biosurfactants and is characterized as a series of structural analogues of different families. Thirty-four families covering about 300 lipopeptide compounds have been reported in the last decades, and most of the reported lipopeptides produced by microorganisms were under aerobic conditions. The lipopeptide-producing strains under anaerobic conditions have attracted much attention from both the academic and industrial communities, due to the needs and the challenge of their applications in anaerobic environments, such as in oil reservoirs and in microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR). In this review, the fifty-eight reported bacterial strains, mostly isolated from oil reservoirs and dominated by the species Bacillus subtilis, producing lipopeptide biosurfactants, and the species Pseudomonas aeruginosa, producing glycolipid biosurfactants under anaerobic conditions were summarized. The metabolic pathway and the non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) of the strain Bacillus subtilis under anaerobic conditions were analyzed, which is expected to better understand the key mechanisms of the growth and production of lipopeptide biosurfactants of such kind of bacteria under anaerobic conditions, and to expand the industrial application of anaerobic biosurfactant-producing bacteria.

Underexplored bacteria as reservoirs of novel antimicrobial lipopeptides

“…The isolation and characterisation of amphomycin (produced by a Streptomyces canus strain) over 60 years ago, then pioneered the usage of lipopeptides as antibiotics ( Heinemann et al, 1953 ; Reynolds et al, 2018 ). Subsequently, the class of lipopeptides expanded, where prospecting for new lipopeptides primarily focused on exploiting a relatively small group of bacterial genera, including Streptomyces , Bacillus , Pseudomonas , Paenibacillus, and cyanobacteria ( Patel et al, 2015 ; Li et al, 2021a ). In 2003, the cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic, daptomycin (also called Cubicin ® ), produced by Streptomyces roseosporus, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of serious skin and soft tissue infections, and in 2006, for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( S .…”

How to simply and efficiently screen microbial strains capable of anaerobic biosynthesis of biosurfactants: Method establishment, influencing factors and application example evaluation

“…Therefore, development of highly adaptable microbial resources and the breeding of high-yield microbial strains are the main research interests of biosurfactants producing bacteria (Perfumo et al, 2018 ; Tripathi et al, 2018 ; Silva et al, 2019 ). For some oxygen-deficient environments, the microbial strains which can anaerobically biosynthesize biosurfactants are needed (Domingues et al, 2017 ; Li et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Most of biosurfactants producing bacteria reported in current studies are aerobic bacteria. With the expansion of biosurfactants applications, there is growing interest toward microbial resources capable of anaerobic biosynthesis of biosurfactants for their application in anoxic environments, such as oil reservoirs, the polluted sediment, deep soil and water (Domingues et al, 2017 ; Li et al, 2021 ). Microbial in-situ production of biosurfactants in anoxic oil reservoirs is significant to enhance oil recovery (Youssef et al, 2013 ; Zhao et al, 2018 , 2021 ).…”

“…However, the application of biosurfactants production in anoxic environments is still a challenge, because the microbial resources which can anaerobically biosynthesize biosurfactants are relatively scarce (Domingues et al, 2017 ; Li et al, 2021 ). More microorganisms capable of anaerobic biosynthesis of biosurfactants are urgently needed.…”

LC-MS and Transcriptome Analysis of Lipopeptide Biosynthesis by Bacillus velezensis CMT-6 Responding to Dissolved Oxygen

“…At present, lipopeptides are mainly produced by the Bacilli species. During fermentation, dissolved oxygen (DO) is an important process parameter because it affects the biomass, cell differentiation and electron transfer [ 8 ]. In addition, DO affects metabolic pathways and fluxes in Bacilli and hence lipopeptide production [ 9 ].…”