“…On the one hand, there is an inflammatory response in the endothelium, while on the other hand, there is subclinical systemic inflammation. Proinflammatory risk factors such as oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) activate IL-1 and TNF-α, which are called primary proinflammatory cytokines [53,63]. These primary proinflammatory cytokines activate IL-6, resulting in the release of acute phase reactants.…”