Microbial transformation of 14C-labeled 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in an activated-sludge system

Carpenter, David; McCormick, N G; Cornell, J H; Kaplan, Arthur M.

doi:10.1128/aem.35.5.949-954.1978

Cited by 114 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…However, the first step is a reduction process, as reported pre- viously by many workers (McCormick et al, 1976, andSchackmann andMuller, 1991). The polymerization of amino intermediates into azoxy compounds, as observed by many workers (Carpenter et al, 1978, andKaplan, 1982b), was also investigated. Soil extractions were conducted with various solvents (Kaplan and Kaplan, 1982b) including ether, chloroform, ethanol, acetone, and methanol.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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A laboratory study of the bioremediation of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene‐contaminated soil using aerobic/anoxic soil slurry reactor

Boopathy¹,

Manning²,

Kulpa³

1998

Water Environment Research

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The successful operation of an aerobic/anoxic laboratory-scale soil slurry reactor showed that soil contaminated with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-I ,3,5-trinitro-1 ,3,5-triazine (RDX) could be treated in batches or semicontinuously. Batch treatment resulted in the transformation of TNT. Semicontinuous treatment resulted in complete degradation of TNT. In addition to removing TNT, the slurry reactor also removed contaminants such as trinitrobenzene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, RDX, and octahydro-l ,3,5,7-tetranitro-1 ,3,5,7-tetraazocine (HMX). Radiolabeled TNT incubated with reactor biomass showed that 23% of [14C]TNTwas mineralized, 27% was converted to biomass, and 8% was adsorbed onto the soil. The rest of the ['4C]TNT was accounted for as metabolites, including a ring cleavage product identified as 2,3-butanediol. Increasing the frequency of soil addition from once to two or three times weekly did not affect the TNT removal rates. The soil slurry reactor also maintained the bacterial population fairly well, needing only 0.3% molasses as a cosubstrate. Water Environ. Res., 70, 80 (1998).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Biological removal of explosives from wastewater has proven feasible (Nay et at., 1974). Biotransformation of TNT by aerobic bacteria has been reported by many workers (Boopathy et at., I 994a and 1994b;Carpenter et at., 1978;Schackmann and Muller, 1991;Traxler et at., 1974;and Won et at., 1974). McCormick et at.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A laboratory study of the bioremediation of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene‐contaminated soil using aerobic/anoxic soil slurry reactor

Boopathy¹,

Manning²,

Kulpa³

1998

Water Environment Research

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“…When TNT was used as the sole N source, it was supplied at 100 mg l -1 or as crystal in excess of its solubility in water; and ammonium was omitted from M9 medium. Growth was measured by counting cfu ml -1 after spreading serial dilutions on Luria-Bertani (LB) medium plates (Carpenter et al, 1978).…”

Section: Organism Culture Medium and Growth Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Escherichia coli has multiple enzymes that attack TNT and release nitrogen for growth

González-Pérez

Dillewijn

Wittich

et al. 2007

Environmental Microbiology

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There has been a growing interest in the degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) over the last decade, ever since its removal from polluted sites was declared an international environmental priority. Certain aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms are capable of using TNT as an N source, although very few studies have proven the mineralization of this compound. An unexpected observation in our laboratory led us to discover that certain Escherichia coli bench laboratory strains have multiple enzymes that attack TNT. One of the NemA products is responsible for the release of nitrite from the nitroaromatic ring: among the metabolites observed in vitro include Meisenheimer dihydride complexes of TNT from which 2-hydroxylamino-6-nitrotoluene is slowly formed during their rearomatization under concomitant release of nitrite. Furthermore, NemA, together with NfsA and NfsB reduce the nitro groups on the aromatic ring to the corresponding hydroxylamino derivatives, which probably results in the release of ammonium ions which can, in turn be used as a nitrogen source by E. coli for growth.

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“…The reduction of TNT by microorganisms has been cited in numerous studies [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] and is the basis for TNT biotreatment systems [11,16,17]. Recent studies have focused on TNT reduction by Clostridia due to their rapid rates of nitroreduction and ubiquitous presence in contaminated soils [18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene by Clostridium Acetobutylicum Through Hydroxylamino-Nitrotoluene Intermediates

Hughes¹,

Wang²,

Bhadra³

et al. 1998

Environ Toxicol Chem

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Abstract-Studies were conducted to isolate and identify intermediates of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) transformation by Clostridium acetobutylicum and to quantify their concentrations in active whole cell cultures. Only two intermediates of TNT reduction were detected in cell cultures and were identified as 4-hydroxylamino-2,6-dinitrotoluene and 2,4-dihydroxylamino-6-nitrotoluene. Structures were confirmed with 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, and desorption chemical ionization mass spectroscopy. When cells were suspended in a non-growth saline medium, both hydroxylamine forms accumulated. In media capable of supporting cell growth, the 2,4-dihydroxylamino-6-nitrotoluene accumulated with concentrations of 4-hydroxylamino-2,6-dinitrotoluene remaining near detection limits. Studies using purified 2,4-dihydroxylamino-6-nitrotoluene confirmed that its biotransformation rate in active cultures greatly exceeded abiotic decomposition in aqueous medium.

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Microbial transformation of 14C-labeled 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in an activated-sludge system

Cited by 114 publications

References 15 publications

A laboratory study of the bioremediation of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene‐contaminated soil using aerobic/anoxic soil slurry reactor

A laboratory study of the bioremediation of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene‐contaminated soil using aerobic/anoxic soil slurry reactor

Escherichia coli has multiple enzymes that attack TNT and release nitrogen for growth

Reduction of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene by Clostridium Acetobutylicum Through Hydroxylamino-Nitrotoluene Intermediates

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