An aerobic bacterium capable of growth on cis-dichloroethene (cDCE) as a sole carbon and energy source was isolated by enrichment culture. The 16S ribosomal DNA sequence of the isolate (strain JS666) had 97.9% identity to the sequence from Polaromonas vacuolata, indicating that the isolate was a -proteobacterium. At 20°C, strain JS666 grew on cDCE with a minimum doubling time of 73 ؎ 7 h and a growth yield of 6.1 g of protein/mol of cDCE. Chloride analysis indicated that complete dechlorination of cDCE occurred during growth. The half-velocity constant for cDCE transformation was 1.6 ؎ 0.2 M, and the maximum specific substrate utilization rate ranged from 12.6 to 16.8 nmol/min/mg of protein. Resting cells grown on cDCE could transform cDCE, ethene, vinyl chloride, trans-dichloroethene, trichloroethene, and 1,2-dichloroethane. Epoxyethane was produced from ethene by cDCE-grown cells, suggesting that an epoxidation reaction is the first step in cDCE degradation.The extensive use of chloroethenes as solvents and synthetic feedstocks has resulted in widespread environmental contamination (22), which is of concern due to the toxicity and carcinogenicity of such compounds. Microbial metabolism is an important factor in determining the fate of chloroethenes in the biosphere (14). Several anaerobic bacteria use tetrachloroethene (perchloroethene) and trichloroethene (TCE) as electron acceptors, producing cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cDCE), vinyl chloride (VC), and ethene as end products (10,15,16,17). Under aerobic conditions, ethene and VC can serve as carbon and energy sources for bacterial growth (3, 8), but thus far, no conclusive evidence exists for aerobic growth on any of the dichloroethenes (cis-dichloroethene, trans-dichloroetheneBecause cDCE accumulation is often a limiting factor in the biodegradation of chloroethenes in subsurface ecosystems, aerobic bacteria capable of growth on cDCE would provide a crucial missing link in the chain of microbial metabolism for this class of compounds. Thermodynamic calculations suggest that cDCE contains sufficient energy to support aerobic growth (4), and enzymes active on cDCE are known in hydrocarbonoxidizing bacteria (5,6,13,20,24,25). In addition, aerobic oxidation of cDCE to CO 2 has been observed in microcosm and enrichment culture studies (2, 12). Encouraged by the facts described above, we hypothesized that aerobic growth on cDCE was possible and searched at a variety of contaminated sites for microorganisms able to use this compound as a sole source of carbon and energy.
MATERIALS AND METHODSChemicals and media. cis-Dichloroethene (97%), tDCE (98%), TCE (99.5%), and 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA) (99.8%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. VC (99.5%) was obtained from Fluka, and ethene (99.5%) was obtained from Scott. All other chemicals were reagent grade. A minimal salts medium (MSM) based on that of Hartmans et al. (9) was used for enrichment cultures, with the following modifications: the phosphate concentration was reduced to 20 mM, the ammonium concentration was red...