Microbiological Diagnosis of Respiratory Illness

Murdoch, David R.; Werno, Anja M.; Jennings, Lance C.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-44887-1.00022-5

Cited by 10 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…the research materials include: nose or throat swab, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, tracheal or bronchial aspirate. the advantages and disadvantages of diagnostic tests most often used in the diagnosis of viral rts are presented in table 5 [60].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential diagnosis of respiratory viral infections in children in the COVID-19 pandemic time

Wawryk‐Gawda¹,

Emeryk²,

Chojęta³

2021

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Background. respiratory tract infections (rtis) constitute the most common reason for pediatric patients to report to primary care facilities. additionally, rtis are also a significant problem among hospitalized patients. due to the lack of specificity in the observed symptoms, rtis cause both diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties. Objectives. the aim of our study was to explain the causes of rtis in the pediatric population and to provide guidelines to facilitate diagnosis. Material and methods. in the study, the authors analyzed available literature dealing with the possibility of laboratory diagnosis and the results of treatment used in children with rtis. Results. in pediatric patients, rtis are mainly caused by viruses and occur seasonally during the autumn-winter period. there are certain factors, such as physiological distinctness resulting from developmental immaturity of the body, genetically determined diseases and specific diseases occurring during childhood, which contribute to the incidence of rtis. moreover, factors depending on the mother and the growth environment also significantly affect the incidence of rtis in children. Conclusions. available knowledge concerning the seasonality of the occurrence of individual pathogens and the differences in symptoms may facilitate an initial diagnosis. however, lower respiratory tract infections, and severe infections in particular, require the use of specific diagnostic tests which allow for both the identification of the etiological factors and the implementation of targeted treatment. the CoVid-19 pandemic has highlighted the difficulties in the diagnosis and therapy of rtis in pediatric patients, as well as the need to develop more sensitive diagnostic tools and a more effective treatment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…diagnostic tests helpful in the differential diagnosis of viral rtis are divided into 3 main groups [60]: antigenic (strip, cassette): immunofluorescent, enzyme immunoassay, e.g. Elisa and immunochromatographic tests -to detect the presence of virus antigens in the tested material.…”

Section: Differential Diagnosis Of Acute Rtismentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential diagnosis of respiratory viral infections in children in the COVID-19 pandemic time

Wawryk‐Gawda¹,

Emeryk²,

Chojęta³

2021

fmpcr

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“…13,[17][18][19][20] Laboratory methods for the detection of pathogens isolated from respiratory samples are summarized in ►Table 4. 21,22 Overview: Imaging Techniques and Evaluation Protocol…”

Section: Sampling and Laboratory Techniques For Confirmation Of Etiol...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coexisting clinical and/or radiological rhinocerebral involvement is an important clue to the diagnosis of mucormycosis and disseminated disease also affects the patient prognosis (►Fig. 21). The active role of the radiologist is to consider the possibility of mucormycosis, by obtaining brain, orbit, and paranasal sinus imaging in the same sitting, when the patient is sent for a pulmonary imaging evaluation.…”

Section: Histoplasmosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging Approach to Pulmonary Infections in the Immunocompromised Patient

Grover

Antil

et al. 2022

Indian J Radiol Imaging

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Pulmonary infections are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients and almost one-third of intensive care unit patients with pulmonary infections belong to the immunocompromised category. Multiple organisms may simultaneously infect an immunocompromised patient and the overwhelming burden of mixed infections further predisposes critically ill patients to acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Notwithstanding that lung ultrasound is coming into vogue, the primary imaging investigation is a chest radiograph, followed by thoracic CT scan. This review based on our experience at tertiary care teaching hospitals provides insights into the spectrum of imaging features of various pulmonary infections occurring in immunocompromised patients. This review is unique as, firstly, the imaging spectrum described by us is categorized on basis of the etiological infective agent, comprehensively and emphatically correlated with the clinical setting of the patient. Secondly, a characteristic imaging pattern is emphasized in the clinical setting-imaging-pattern conglomerate, to highlight the most likely diagnosis possible in such a combination. Thirdly, the simulating conditions for a relevant differential diagnosis are discussed in each section. Fourthly, not only are the specific diagnostic and tissue sampling techniques for confirmation of the suspected etiological agent described, but the recommended pharmaco-therapeutic agents are also enumerated, so as to provide a more robust insight to the radiologist. Last but not the least, we summarize and conclude with a diagnostic algorithm, derived by us from the characteristic illustrative cases. The proposed algorithm, illustrated as a flowchart, emphasizes a diagnostic imaging approach comprising: correlation of the imaging pattern with clinical setting and with associated abnormalities in the thorax and in other organs/systems, which is comprehensively analyzed in arriving at the most likely diagnosis. Since a rapid evaluation and emergent management of such patients is of pressing concern not only to the radiologist, but also for the general physicians, pulmonologists, critical care specialists, oncologists and transplant surgery teams, we believe our review is very informative to a wide spectrum reader audience.

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“…The sensitivity of any diagnostic approach for viral respiratory infection is strongly conditioned by different factors 18 : (1) type of samples; (2) time of sampling after the onset of symptoms; (3) correct collection procedure of the different types of samples; (4) pre-analytical factors such as transport and storage of the sample; and (5) age of the patient, among others.…”

Section: Gold-standard Techniques For Laboratory Diagnosis Of Viral R...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Respiratory Infections: New Tools for a Rapid Diagnosis

Colagrossi

Mattana

Piccioni

et al. 2021

Semin Respir Crit Care Med

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Respiratory tract infection is one of the most common diseases in human worldwide. Many viruses are implicated in these infections, including emerging viruses, such as the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Identification of the causative viral pathogens of respiratory tract infections is important to select a correct management of patients, choose an appropriate treatment, and avoid unnecessary antibiotics use. Different diagnostic approaches present variable performance in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and time-to-result, that have to be acknowledged to be able to choose the right diagnostic test at the right time, in the right patient. This review describes currently available rapid diagnostic strategies and syndromic approaches for the detection of viruses commonly responsible for respiratory diseases.

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Microbiological Diagnosis of Respiratory Illness

Cited by 10 publications

References 114 publications

Differential diagnosis of respiratory viral infections in children in the COVID-19 pandemic time

Differential diagnosis of respiratory viral infections in children in the COVID-19 pandemic time

Imaging Approach to Pulmonary Infections in the Immunocompromised Patient

Viral Respiratory Infections: New Tools for a Rapid Diagnosis

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