Microbiologically induced aesthetic and structural changes to dimension stone

Abstract

Dimension stone is natural rock prepared for building use. It is rapidly colonised by microorganisms that cause discoloration (mainly cyanobacteria, algae and fungi) and structural damage. Microbial mobilisation of ions leads to new superficial or internal deposits, weakening the structure. Cyanobacteria and fungi may penetrate, filling pores or creating new spaces. Lichens, fungus/phototroph associations, colonise surfaces and damage stone through ingrowing rhizines and acid production. Initial degradation produces conditions suitable for germination of seeds of higher plants and further destruction. Emerging techniques to elucidate stone-cell interactions and control of initial biofilm formation that eventuates in stone disintegration are discussed.

Diversity and Composition of Culturable Microorganisms and Their Biodeterioration Potentials in the Sandstone of Beishiku Temple, China

“…The existence of crystal phases of calcium oxalate (weddellite) and calcium carbonate (calcite) was supported by XRD analysis ( Figure 9 ). Such large amounts of secreted acids and attached biomineralization products are direct evidence of heritage deterioration, which may lead to mechanical damage (chalking, peeling, and fissures) and aesthetic alterations (pigmentation) in the stone substratum [ 20 , 70 , 71 , 72 ].…”

Predicted Dynamic of Biodeterioration in Cultural Heritage Stones Due to Climate Changes in Humid Tropical Regions—A Case Study on the Rhodotorula sp. Yeast

“…Construction materials, particularly stones, are commonly colonized by microbial populations, whose development is strongly connected with the climatic conditions and the substrate's chemical composition [34]. Among the several types of colonizers, it is generally consensual that eukaryotic strains, including algae, yeasts, and filamentous fungi, represent the most serious threat [35]. Their proliferation and capacity to secrete metabolites may induce both aesthetic and micro-structural alterations by compromising the raw characteristics of stone.…”

In Living Color: Pigment-Based Microbial Ecology At the Mineral–Air Interface

“…Pigmentation can be affected by materials, locations, environmental conditions, structure, and dynamics of microbial communities. Gaylarde and Baptista-Neto ( 2021 ) stated that dark brown or black stains and orange-yellow patinas can be produced by both bacteria and fungi, whereas the surface humidity strongly affects the SAB components and colors. For instance, the red color produced by the overgrowth of carotenoid-producing alga Trentepohlia was seen on north- and east-facing walls of the Rio Bec style Mayan buildings in Campeche state, Mexico.…”