Microbiome and Gestational Diabetes: Interactions with Pregnancy Outcome and Long-Term Infant Health

Neri, Caterina; Serafino, Erika; Morlando, Maddalena; Familiari, Alessandra

doi:10.1155/2021/9994734

Cited by 22 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…Specifically, women with HIP have gut microbial dysbiosis with lower microbial richness and diversity than healthy women [8]. Importantly, newborns of mothers with HIP showed a significant decrease in alpha diversity [9,10], increased relative abundance of the phyla Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria and decreased relative abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes, and they were more predisposed to T2DM development at later stages [9]. In addition, gut microbiota-derived metabolites contribute to offspring outcomes; for example, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) supplementation could reduce the susceptibility of offspring to T2DM developed in response to an HFD later in life in the mice [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Vertical transmission of the gut microbiota influences glucose metabolism in offspring of mice with hyperglycaemia in pregnancy

et al. 2022

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Background Hyperglycaemia in pregnancy (HIP) is a common metabolic disorder that not only poses risks to maternal health but also associates with an increased risk of diabetes among offspring. Vertical transmission of microbiota may influence the offspring microbiome and subsequent glucose metabolism. However, the mechanism by which maternal gut microbiota may influence glucose metabolism of the offspring remains unclear and whether intervening microbiota vertical transmission could be used as a strategy to prevent diabetes in the offspring of mothers with HIP has not been investigated. So we blocked vertical transmission to investigate its effect on glucose metabolism in the offspring. Results We established a murine HIP model with a high-fat diet (HFD) and investigated the importance of vertical transmission of gut microbiota on the glucose metabolism of offspring via birth and nursing by blocking these events through caesarean section (C-section) and cross-fostering. After weaning, all offspring were fed a normal diet. Based on multi-omics analysis, biochemical and transcriptional assays, we found that the glucometabolic deficits in the mothers were subsequently ‘transmitted’ to the offspring. Meanwhile, the partial change in mothers’ gut microbial community induced by HIP could be transmitted to offspring, supported by the closed clustering of the microbial structure and composition between the offspring and their mothers. Further study showed that the microbiota vertical transmission was blocked by C-section and cross-fostering, which resulted in improved insulin sensitivity and islet function of the offspring of the mothers with HIP. These effects were correlated with changes in the relative abundances of specific bacteria and their metabolites, such as increased relative abundances of Bifidobacterium and short-chain fatty acids. In particular, gut microbial communities of offspring were closely related to those of their foster mothers but not their biological mothers, and the effect of cross-fostering on the offspring’s gut microbiota was more profound than that of C-section. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that the gut microbiota transmitted via birth and nursing are important contributors to the glucose metabolism phenotype in offspring.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Vertical transmission of the gut microbiota influences glucose metabolism in offspring of mice with hyperglycaemia in pregnancy

et al. 2022

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“…In pregnant women, the intestinal bacterial composition has been implicated in alterations in insulin, c-peptide, HOMA-IR, and hemoglobin A1C levels, as well as low-grade inflammatory responses, which lead to GDM manifestations [ 40 , 41 , 42 ]. Maternal insulin resistance leading to hyperglycemia and fetal hyperinsulinemia has been suggested to underlie fetal overgrowth and macrosomia [ 43 ] and increased maternal lipid levels regardless of glycemic control [ 44 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Probiotics on Glycemic Control and Metabolic Parameters in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2023

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Objectives: To assess the effects of probiotic supplements on glycemic control and metabolic parameters in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The primary outcome was glycemic control, i.e., serum glucose and insulin levels. Secondary outcomes were maternal weight gain, neonatal birth weight, and lipid parameters. Weighted mean difference (WMD) was used. Cochrane’s Q test of heterogeneity and I2 were used to assess heterogeneity. Results: Of the 843 papers retrieved, 14 (n = 854 women) met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. When compared with placebo, women receiving probiotic supplements had significantly lower mean fasting serum glucose, fasting serum insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglycerides, total cholesterol, and VLDL levels. Decreased neonatal birth weight was witnessed in supplements containing Lactobacillus acidophilus. Conclusion: Probiotic supplements may improve glycemic control and lipid profile and reduce neonatal birth weight in women with GDM.

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“…During pregnancy, this aspect becomes even more relevant. Indeed, if, on the one hand, the maternal microbiota directly affects pregnancy by influencing the intrauterine environment, the vaginal environment and the risk of preterm birth; on the other hand, it would also seem to affect the nascent microbiota of the offspring, with equally important consequences ( 94 , 95 ). In fact, it is now established that an alteration of the intestinal microbiota in the early stages of development is related to modifications of the immune system, inflammatory, allergic and metabolic diseases ( 96 – 98 ).…”

Section: Microbiota In Children Of Diabetic Mothersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the fact that the third component of breast milk, unlike all other mammalian species, is represented by oligosaccharides (Human Milk Oligosaccharides, HMOs), specific compounds with a marked prebiotic action, supports the importance of the intestinal bacterial flora from the beginning of life ( 99 ). To date, the scientific community seems to agree that maternal health directly influences the intestinal microbiota of the fetus, also through a possible vertical mother-child transmission during pregnancy, albeit still in the absence of certainties on the precise mode of intrauterine microbial acquisition ( 94 , 98 , 100 , 101 ). Indeed, the dogma that the human fetal environment is sterile in physiological conditions and that the first microbial colonization of the neonatal intestinal tract begins during birth, both vertically (maternal microbiome) and horizontal (environment) has been questioned ( 95 , 98 ).…”

Section: Microbiota In Children Of Diabetic Mothersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomic profiles and microbiota of GDM offspring: The key for future perspective?

et al. 2022

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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), or any degree of glucose intolerance recognized for the first time during pregnancy, is one of the diseases that most frequently aggravates the course of gestation. Missed or late diagnosis and inadequate treatment are associated with high maternal and fetal morbidity, with possible short- and long-term repercussions. Estimates on the prevalence of GDM are alarming and increasing by about 30% in the last 10–20 years. In addition, there is the negative influence of the SARS-CoV-2 emergency on the glycemic control of pregnant women, making the matter increasingly topical. To date, knowledge on the metabolic maturation of newborns is still incomplete. However, in light of the considerable progress of the theory of “developmental origins of health and disease,” the relevant role of the intrauterine environment cannot be overlooked. In fact, due to the high plasticity of the early stages of development, some detrimental metabolic alterations during fetal growth, including maternal hyperglycemia, are associated with a higher incidence of chronic diseases in adult life. In this context, metabolomic analysis which allows to obtain a detailed phenotypic portrait through the dynamic detection of all metabolites in cells, tissues and different biological fluids could be very useful for the early diagnosis and prevention of complications. Indeed, if the diagnostic timing is optimized through the identification of specific metabolites, the detailed understanding of the altered metabolic pathway could also allow better management and more careful monitoring, also from a nutritional profile, of the more fragile children. In this context, a further contribution derives from the analysis of the intestinal microbiota, the main responsible for the fecal metabolome, given its alteration in pregnancies complicated by GDM and the possibility of transmission to offspring. The purpose of this review is to analyze the available data regarding the alterations in the metabolomic profile and microbiota of the offspring of mothers with GDM in order to highlight future prospects for reducing GDM-related complications in children of mothers affected by this disorder.

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Microbiome and Gestational Diabetes: Interactions with Pregnancy Outcome and Long-Term Infant Health

Cited by 22 publications

References 88 publications

Vertical transmission of the gut microbiota influences glucose metabolism in offspring of mice with hyperglycaemia in pregnancy

Vertical transmission of the gut microbiota influences glucose metabolism in offspring of mice with hyperglycaemia in pregnancy

Effects of Probiotics on Glycemic Control and Metabolic Parameters in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Metabolomic profiles and microbiota of GDM offspring: The key for future perspective?

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