“…The flux balance framework presented in this review, culminating in Equation 13, provides a quantitative method to measure energetic costs of cellular processes by studying changes in ATP fluxes upon modulation of process activity. The dynamics of global energetic fluxes such as OCR and heat flux have been measured in many biological contexts, including microbial adaptation, organ function, and embryo development (29,30,99,(130)(131)(132)(133)(134)(135)(136)(137)(138)(139)(140)(141). However, the contributions of specific energy-consuming processes such as biosynthesis, ion pumping, and cytoskeletal remodeling to changes in global fluxes remain unclear.…”