Microconvection heat transfer in electrorheological fluids in rotating electric field

LBM Analysis of Micro-Convection in MHD Nanofluid Flow

“…We have presented Nu at the outlet with different values of φ, Ra at 10 3 to 10 6 and Re 200 in Fig. 6, which indicates the effect of using nanofluid volume fractions and Ra to increase the heat transfer rate.…”

“…For a fixed Ra, solid volume fractions can affect the enhancement of heat transfer. By adding 2 % Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles by volume, the Nu increases about 17 % at Ra = 10 4 from 10 3 , a slight decline of enhancement to 8 % at Ra = 10 5 (but with the highest value of 18.95), but decreases significantly to 33 % when Ra increases to 10 6 . This means that there is a critical value of Ra of Al 2 O 3 -water nanofluid for the performance of heat transfer enhancement in terms of the Nu and identified as 10 5 in this study.…”

“…The heat transfer of a heat pipe filled with a ferrofluid, stabilized by citrate ions, was enhanced by about 13 % [5]. The heat transfer in the electrorheological fluids considering the microconvection transport is numerically solved on a flat layer, and it is concluded that the internal rotations of elementary particles intensify heat transfer [6]. The increase in particle volume fraction and magnetic field strength may increase the thermal conductivity of the magnetorheological fluid, a smart material with the capability of changing reversibly from liquid to near solid state under the presence of external magnetic fields [7].…”

Temperature and Electric Field Dependence of the Viscosity of Electrorheological (ER) Fluids: Warming up of an Electrorheological Clutch

“…Most of the applications require the viscosity to be precisely adjusted, however, the viscosity alters as the temperature changes. [8,9] This disadvantage greatly limits its industrial use, as a change can impair fine-tuned systems by creating stern operating conditions. Apart from the need to measure the temperature, the dependence of the parameters of the ER fluids on temperature ought to be considered as well.…”