Microcystin-induced variations in transcription of GSTs in an omnivorous freshwater fish, goldfish

Quantitatively evaluating detoxification of the hepatotoxic microcystins through the glutathione and cysteine pathway in the cyanobacteria-eating bighead carp

“…In addition, after exposure to MCs, the GSH conjugation of MC-LR/RR in kidney is effectively catalyzed by increased glutathione S-transferase (GST) and subsequently degraded to MCLR/RR-Cys. Li et al (2008) reported that when goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) were i.p. injected with MC extracts, the transcription of GST alpha in two dose groups (50 and 200 g LR eq kg −1 bw) was suppressed in both liver and intestine but induced in kidney, and that increased transcription of GST theta and GST pi in the high dose group were also detected in kidney.…”

Multiple bio-analytical methods to reveal possible molecular mechanisms of developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos/larvae exposed to tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate

“…Genomic DNA contamination was removed using RNase-free DNase I (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). The concentration of total RNA was measured and quality was verified according to previously published protocols (Li et al, 2008;Liu et al, 2012a). Synthesis of first-strand cDNA and qRT-PCR were performed using Maxima ® First Strand cDNA Synthesis kits and SYBR ® Realtime PCR Master Mix-Plus kits, respectively.…”

Waterborne exposure to microcystin-LR alters thyroid hormone levels and gene transcription in the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis in zebrafish larvae

“…MCs accumulated mainly in liver and were known for their hepatotoxic effects (Kotak et al, 1996;Fischer and Dietrich, 2000). However, MCs could also accumulate in heart, kidney and embryo, resulting in cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and embryotoxicity (Li et al, 2008b(Li et al, , 2011Zhang et al, 2008;Qiu et al, 2009). Recently, both laboratory and field studies have indicated that MCs could disrupt the endocrine systems in fish (Li et al, 2008a(Li et al, , 2011Rogers et al, 2011).…”