Microelectromechanical deformable mirror development for high-contrast imaging, part 2: the impact of quantization errors on coronagraph image contrast

Abstract

Stellar coronagraphs rely on deformable mirrors (DMs) to correct wavefront errors and create high-contrast images. Imperfect control of the DM limits the achievable contrast, and therefore, the DM control electronics must provide fine surface height resolution and low noise. We study the impact of quantization errors due to the DM electronics on the image contrast using experimental data from the High Contrast Imaging Testbed facility at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. We find that the simplest analytical model gives optimistic predictions compared to real cases, with contrast up to 3 times better, which leads to DM surface height resolution requirements that are incorrectly relaxed by 70%. We show that taking into account the DM actuator shape, or influence function, improves the analytical predictions. However, we also find that end-to-end numerical simulations of the wavefront sensing and control process provide the most accurate predictions and recommend such an approach for setting robust requirements on the DM control electronics. From our experimental and numerical results, we conclude that a surface height resolution of ∼6 pm is required for imaging temperate terrestrial exoplanets around solar-type stars at wavelengths as small as 450 nm with coronagraph instruments on future space telescopes. Finally, we list the recognizable characteristics of quantization errors that may help determine if they are a limiting factor.

Small Mirrors for Small Satellites: Design of the Deformable Mirror Demonstration Mission CubeSat (DeMi) Payload

“…demonstrated stable 5e-9 contrast in vacuum with a 32 × 32 MEMS mirror combined with a Vector Vortex Coronagraph (VVC) (Mawet et al, 2010). Bendek et al (2020) has developed and tested a CubeSat-scale MEMS deformable mirror controller that controls 32 × 32 actuators and survived flight on the PICTURE-C ballon.…”

Assessment of near-angle scatter on exo-Earth coronagraphy

“…al. [9] showed that to achieve 10 -10 raw contrast requires DM quantization at the 6-pm level. And, that DM minimum step height scales with the square root of the allocated contrast.…”