Microencapsulated Vaccines to Provide Prolonged Immunity With a Single Administration

Rl, Whalen; Dj, Dempsey; Lm, Thompson; Bucknell, Kathy A.; Kunitomo, Rie; Okazaki, Yuka; Harasaki, Hiroaki

doi:10.1097/00002480-199609000-00068

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…To understand the anti‐BoNT immune responses that are associated with and are responsible for the development of immunoresistance to the toxin, we have carried out studies aimed at the mapping of the submolecular regions that are recognized by Abs and T cells in the immune responses to the toxin. The H C domain has been reported to be immunologically protective 116–121. Therefore, in the first phase of our work, we mapped the regions on the H C domain that are recognized by anti‐H C and anti‐BoNT/A Abs in several host species, including human122 and by anti‐BoNT/A and anti‐H C Abs and T cells in selected mouse haplotypes 123, 124.…”

Section: Clinical Applications Of Botulinum Neurotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basic immunological aspects of botulinum toxin therapy

Atassi

2004

Mov Disord.

103

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Previous studies in this laboratory had mapped the immune recognition profile of the regions recognized antibodies (Abs) and by T cells on the protective H(C) domain (C-terminal fragment corresponding to residues 855-1296 of the heavy chain) of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A). The localization of these regions has several potential applications and has provided a basis for the understanding of immunoresistance to treatment. We briefly outline these localized regions and discuss the impact of these findings on the immunotherapeutic applications of BoNT/A. Immunoresistance to toxin therapy can appear in some patients after a few injections with the toxin. Our epitope mapping studies have shown that several factors can influence the immune response to the toxin. These factors include dose, duration of treatment, frequency of immunization, and quality of the toxin. The immune response to the whole toxin is under genetic control, and the response to each epitope is under separate genetic control. Therefore, the appearance of blocking Abs (i.e., immunoresistance) in patients might be controlled by the major histocompatability of the host. Once a patient becomes immunoresistant to one toxin then switching to another toxin will most often be of limited and short-lived benefit, because the patient becomes rapidly immunoresistant to the second toxin. Finally, because of the considerable structural homology between tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) and BoNTs, it is possible, although not certain, that a prior active immune response to TeNT might play some role in the early appearance on anti-BoNT Abs in some patients.

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Section: Clinical Applications Of Botulinum Neurotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basic immunological aspects of botulinum toxin therapy

Atassi

2004

Mov Disord.

103

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“…[6][7][8] The development of encapsulated vaccines is presently creating great interest. 9,10 The slow release of a vaccine out of capsules allows a reduced immune response with fewer bothersome side effects. The use of biopolymers like poly͑lactide-co-glycolic acid͒ is also of interest because the active material is slowly released during the erosion of the microcapsules.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spherulites: A new vesicular system with promising applications. An example: Enzyme microencapsulation

Bernheim-Grosswasser¹,

Ugazio²,

Gauffre³

et al. 2000

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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A new technology is tested for enzyme encapsulation. The capsules are small multilamellar vesicles of surfactant called spherulites which are produced by shearing a lamellar phase under well-controlled conditions. Encapsulation of alkaline phosphatase into spherulites is studied here as an example. Once encapsulated, the enzyme is shown to be unable to develop any enzymatic activity on its substrate, the p-nitrophenylphosphate. This is due to the absence of contact between the enzyme and the substrate. Interestingly, the whole enzymatic activity is recovered after destruction of the vesicles. Encapsulation efficiency ranges between 70% and 95% depending upon the enzyme over phospholipids ratio. Beyond the example of alkaline phosphatase, many applications of spherulites in the medical or in the biotechnology fields seem now at hand.

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Acyclic N‐halamine‐based biocidal tubing: Preparation, characterization, and rechargeable biofilm‐controlling functions

Sun

2007

J Biomedical Materials Res

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In this study, the surfaces of polypropylene tubing were hydroxylated with potassium persulfate. The resultant tubing surfaces were grafted with methacrylamide (MAA) using ceric(IV) ammonium nitrate as an initiator. Upon chlorination treatment with diluted chlorine bleach, some of the amide groups in the grafted MAA side chains were transformed into stable acyclic N-halamines. The reactions were confirmed with attenuated total reflectance infrared, X-ray photoelectron spectra, and iodimetric titration. The resultant tubing was challenged with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) in a continuous flowing model. Bacteria culturing and scanning electron microscope studies showed that the chlorinated MAA-grafted tubing could provide potent and rechargeable biofilm-controlling functions against the test microorganisms.

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Microencapsulated Vaccines to Provide Prolonged Immunity With a Single Administration

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Basic immunological aspects of botulinum toxin therapy

Basic immunological aspects of botulinum toxin therapy

Spherulites: A new vesicular system with promising applications. An example: Enzyme microencapsulation

Acyclic N‐halamine‐based biocidal tubing: Preparation, characterization, and rechargeable biofilm‐controlling functions

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