Microencapsulation of Bacteriophages for the Delivery to and Modulation of the Human Gut Microbiota through Milk and Cereal Products

Abstract

There is a bidirectional interaction between the gut microbiota and human health status. Disturbance of the microbiota increases the risk of pathogen infections and other diseases. The use of bacteriophages as antibacterial therapy or prophylaxis is intended to counteract intestinal disorders. To deliver bacteriophages unharmed into the gut, they must be protected from acidic conditions in the stomach. Therefore, an encapsulation method based on in situ complexation of alginate (2%), calcium ions (0.5%), and milk proteins (1%) by spray drying was investigated. Powdered capsules with particle sizes of ~10 µm and bacteriophage K5 titers of ~108 plaque forming units (pfu) g−1 were obtained. They protected the bacteriophages from acid (pH 2.5) in the stomach for 2 h and released them within 30 min under intestinal conditions (in vitro). There was no loss of viability during storage over two months (4 °C). Instead of consuming bacteriophage capsules in pure form (i.e., as powder/tablets), they could be inserted into food matrices, as exemplary shown in this study using cereal cookies as a semi-solid food matrix. By consuming bacteriophages in combination with probiotic organisms (e.g., via yoghurt with cereal cookies), probiotics could directly repopulate the niches generated by bacteriophages and, thus, contribute to a healthier life.

Phage Delivery Strategies for Biocontrolling Human, Animal, and Plant Bacterial Infections: State of the Art

“…There is a myriad of organic and inorganic materials that can be used for preparing micro- and nanoparticles aiming to protect bacteriophage virions, among which alginate solutions associated with milk proteins such as alginate–caseinate and alginate–whey protein formulations and chitosan have been cited [ 71 , 72 ].…”