Microglia and immunotherapy in Alzheimer’s disease

Li, Qingqing; Wu, Yingying; Chen, Jichun; Xuan, Aiguo; Wang, Xiao

doi:10.1111/ane.13551

Cited by 32 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(100 reference statements)

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“…AD follows a prolonged, progressive disease course that begins with pathophysiological changes in the brains of affected individuals years before any clinical manifestations are observed [ 2 ]. These pathophysiological changes include the accumulation of toxic species of amyloid-β (Aβ), the development of neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, and neurodegeneration that may result from uncontrolled activation of microglia in the brain leading to secretion of neurotoxins and inflammatory factors [ 3 – 5 ]. Individuals harboring such changes may be asymptomatic or may exhibit clinical manifestations varying from memory lapses to severe and debilitating loss of memory and cognitive function [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alzheimer’s Disease: Epidemiology and Clinical Progression

et al. 2022

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is prevalent throughout the world and is the leading cause of dementia in older individuals (aged C 65 years). To gain a deeper understanding of the recent literature on the epidemiology of AD and its progression, we conducted a review of the PubMed-indexed literature (2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018)(2019)(2020)(2021) in North America, Europe, and Asia. The worldwide toll of AD is evidenced by rising prevalence, incidence, and mortality due to ADestimates which are low because of underdiagnosis of AD. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD can ultimately progress to AD dementia; estimates of AD dementia etiology among patients with MCI range from 40% to 75% depending on the populations studied and whether the MCI diagnosis was made clinically or in combination with biomarkers. The risk of AD dementia increases with progression from normal cognition with no amyloid-beta (Ab) accumulation to early neurodegeneration and subsequently to MCI. For patients with Ab accumulation and neurodegeneration, lifetime risk of AD dementia has been estimated to be 41.9% among women and 33.6% among men. Data on progression from preclinical AD to MCI are sparse, but an analysis of progression across the three preclinical National Institute on Aging and Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) stages suggests that NIA-AA stage 3 (subtle cognitive decline with AD biomarker positivity) could be useful in combination with other tools for treatment decision-making. Factors shown to increase risk include lower Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, higher Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-cog) score, positive APOE4 status, white matter hyperintensities volume, entorhinal cortex atrophy, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) total tau, CSF neurogranin levels, dependency in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and being female. Results suggest that use of biomarkers alongside neurocognitive tests will become an important part of clinical practice as new disease-modifying therapies are introduced.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alzheimer’s Disease: Epidemiology and Clinical Progression

et al. 2022

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“…Aβ causes microglia to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic substances, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1, IL-6, IFN-γ, and reactive oxygen species [ 69 ]. First, TNF-α is one of the most important pro-inflammatory cytokines in AD [ 70 ].…”

Section: Microglial Responses To Aβ Plaquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Functions and Phenotypes of Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease

Fujikawa

Tsuda

2023

Cells

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease worldwide, but therapeutic strategies to slow down AD pathology and symptoms have not yet been successful. While attention has been focused on neurodegeneration in AD pathogenesis, recent decades have provided evidence of the importance of microglia, and resident immune cells in the central nervous system. In addition, new technologies, including single-cell RNA sequencing, have revealed heterogeneous cell states of microglia in AD. In this review, we systematically summarize the microglial response to amyloid-β and tau tangles, and the risk factor genes expressed in microglia. Furthermore, we discuss the characteristics of protective microglia that appear during AD pathology and the relationship between AD and microglia-induced inflammation during chronic pain. Understanding the diverse roles of microglia will help identify new therapeutic strategies for AD.

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“…In Alzheimer’s disease, the production of pro-inflammatory factors and Aβ can over-activate microglia, secrete inflammatory factors and neurotoxins, and then induce neuronal damage and even apoptosis, thereby triggering Alzheimer’s disease. On the contrary, microglia can also protect the central nervous system by engulfing Aβ, slowing the development of Alzheimer’s disease ( Li et al, 2021 ). Study have shown berberine can inhibit Aβ-induced microglial activation mediated by suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) ( Guo et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Therapeutic Effects Of Berberine On Neurodegenerative Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Berberine: A Promising Treatment for Neurodegenerative Diseases

et al. 2022

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Berberine, as a natural alkaloid compound, is characterized by a diversity of pharmacological effects. In recent years, many researches focused on the role of berberine in central nervous system diseases. Among them, the effect of berberine on neurodegenerative diseases has received widespread attention, for example Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and so on. Recent evidence suggests that berberine inhibits the production of neuroinflammation, oxidative, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. These effects can further reduce neuron damage and apoptosis. Although the current research has made some progress, its specific mechanism still needs to be further explored. This review provides an overview of berberine in neurodegenerative diseases and its related mechanisms, and also provides new ideas for future research on berberine.

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Microglia and immunotherapy in Alzheimer’s disease

Cited by 32 publications

References 57 publications

Alzheimer’s Disease: Epidemiology and Clinical Progression

Alzheimer’s Disease: Epidemiology and Clinical Progression

The Functions and Phenotypes of Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease

Berberine: A Promising Treatment for Neurodegenerative Diseases

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