Microgrooves on titanium surface affect peri-implant cell adhesion and soft tissue sealing; an in vitro and in vivo study

Abstract

PurposeWith the significance of stable adhesion of alveolar bone and peri-implant soft tissue on the surface of titanium for successful dental implantation procedure, the purpose of this study was to apply microgrooves on the titanium surface and investigate their effects on peri-implant cells and tissues.MethodsThree types of commercially pure titanium discs were prepared; machined-surface discs (A), sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA)-treated discs (B), SLA and microgroove-formed discs (C). After surface topography of the discs was examined by confocal laser scanning electron microscopy, water contact angle and surface energy were measured. Human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) and murine osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1) were seeded onto the titanium discs for immunofluorescence assay of adhesion proteins. Commercially pure titanium implants with microgrooves on the coronal microthreads design were inserted into the edentulous mandible of beagle dogs. After 2 weeks and 6 weeks of implant insertion, the animal subjects were euthanized to confirm peri-implant tissue healing pattern in histologic specimens.ResultsGroup C presented the lowest water contact angle (62.89±5.66 θ), highest surface energy (45±1.2 mN/m), and highest surface roughness (Ra=22.351±2.766 µm). The expression of adhesion molecules of hGFs and MC3T30E1 cells was prominent in group C. Titanium implants with microgrooves on the coronal portion showed firm adhesion to peri-implant soft tissue.ConclusionsMicrogrooves on the titanium surface promoted the adhesion of gingival fibroblasts and osteoblastic cells, as well as favorable peri-implant soft tissue sealing.Graphical Abstract

Effect of Fibronectin-Coated Micro-Grooved Titanium Surface on Alignment, Adhesion, and Proliferation of Human Gingival Fibroblasts

“…Peri-implant soft tissue is vulnerable to bacterial invasion that may cause peri-implant disease [1]; therefore, the key to the success of dental implantation is the constitution of a soft tissue barrier able to promote osseointegration surrounding the implant body [2]. Learning how to form firm and functional soft tissue sealing around the titanium implant is particularly important.…”

“…It was reported that the micro-grooved structure effectively induced the formation of the vertical direction of the collagen fiber secreted by cells, guided the cell alignment and elongation along the microgroove, limited the epithelial cell downward growth, and decreased the occurrence of inflammation around implants [4,5]. Compared with smoothed titanium, micro-grooved titanium substrata promoted the adhesion and proliferation of HGFs as well as adhesion to peri-implant soft tissue [1,6,7]. …”

Influence of surface treatment on PEDOT coatings: surface and electrochemical corrosion aspects of newly developed Ti alloy

“…6(a-d), and the measured roughness values are listed in [50][51][52] assessed the favorable outcome of rough surface acquired by surface treated practice on osseointegration process. In general, the surface roughness of the polymer coating is a signicant feature that can obviously inuence its corrosion protection behavior and further properties, including hydrophobicity, appearance and bioactivity in physiological environments.…”

Influence of Fixture Thread Exposure on Marginal Bone Level Around Different Implant Systems: A Preliminary Study in Dogs

“…Surface roughness is also one of the key factors in implant design. Many studies have investigated the effect of implant surface roughness on marginal bone loss, and others have evaluated optimal roughness to prevent marginal bone loss, but the topic is still controversial …”

“…Many studies have investigated the effect of implant surface roughness on marginal bone loss, and others have evaluated optimal roughness to prevent marginal bone loss, but the topic is still controversial. [22][23][24][25] Clinically, implant fixtures are not always fully submerged into alveolar bone, leaving threads exposed during implant placement because of poor technique or a less experienced operator. This situation can be found especially during a flapless approach.…”