Micrometre resolution of a charge integrating microstrip detector with single photon sensitivity

Schubert, A.; Bergamaschi, A.; Dávid, Christian; Dinapoli, R.; Elbracht-Leong, S.; Gorelick, Sergey; Graafsma, H.; Henrich, B.; Johnson, I.; Lohmann, Michael; Mozzanica, A.; Radicci, V.; Rassool, Roger; Schädler, L.; Schmitt, B.; Shi, X.; Sobott, B. A.

doi:10.1107/s090904951200235x

Cited by 21 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In one dimension, the non-uniform charge sharing is corrected analytically by using the so-called -algorithm described by Belau et al (1983), as shown by Schubert et al (2012). A similar approach has been used by Cartier et al (2014) using MÖ NCH by analyzing separately the two Cartesian coordinates ð x ; y Þ.…”

Section: Position Interpolation Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Micrometer-resolution imaging using MÖNCH: towards G₂-less grating interferometry

Cartier

Kagias

Bergamaschi

et al. 2016

J Synchrotron Radiat

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MÖ NCH is a 25 mm-pitch charge-integrating detector aimed at exploring the limits of current hybrid silicon detector technology. The small pixel size makes it ideal for high-resolution imaging. With an electronic noise of about 110 eV r.m.s., it opens new perspectives for many synchrotron applications where currently the detector is the limiting factor, e.g. inelastic X-ray scattering, Laue diffraction and soft X-ray or high-resolution color imaging. Due to the small pixel pitch, the charge cloud generated by absorbed X-rays is shared between neighboring pixels for most of the photons. Therefore, at low photon fluxes, interpolation algorithms can be applied to determine the absorption position of each photon with a resolution of the order of 1 mm. In this work, the characterization results of one of the MÖ NCH prototypes are presented under low-flux conditions. A custom interpolation algorithm is described and applied to the data to obtain high-resolution images. Images obtained in grating interferometry experiments without the use of the absorption grating G 2 are shown and discussed. Perspectives for the future developments of the MÖ NCH detector are also presented.

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Section: Position Interpolation Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the low noise, together with the large amount of charge sharing, permits the absorption position of the photons to be estimated with sub-pixel resolution using interpolation (Schubert et al, 2012). The micrometer-level spatial resolution makes MÖ NCH ideal for high-resolution imaging techniques.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micrometer-resolution imaging using MÖNCH: towards G₂-less grating interferometry

Cartier

Kagias

Bergamaschi

et al. 2016

J Synchrotron Radiat

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“…5 shows the pixel on the sensor for Pilatus, Eiger and Mö nch. Similar to CCDs for soft X-rays it allows the determination of the absorption position of isolated photons with a resolution of 1-2 mm (Schubert et al, 2012).…”

Section: Hybrid Pixel Detectors With Smaller Pixelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pixel detectors for diffraction-limited storage rings

Denes

Schmitt

2014

J Synchrotron Radiat

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Dramatic advances in synchrotron radiation sources produce ever-brighter beams of X-rays, but those advances can only be used if there is a corresponding improvement in X-ray detectors. With the advent of storage ring sources capable of being diffraction-limited (down to a certain wavelength), advances in detector speed, dynamic range and functionality is required. While many of these improvements in detector capabilities are being pursued now, the orders-ofmagnitude increases in brightness of diffraction-limited storage ring sources will require challenging non-incremental advances in detectors. This article summarizes the current state of the art, developments underway worldwide, and challenges that diffraction-limited storage ring sources present for detectors.Keywords: detectors; hybrid pixel detectors; monolithic pixel detectors; diffraction-limited storage rings; RIXS; XPCS; CXDI.1. Soft X-ray detectors IntroductionFor soft X-ray (E < $ 2 keV) detection, low noise is essential. Gain can be used to overcome noise, for example microchannel plates (which tend to have low quantum efficiency) or avalanche photodiodes (which are used as point detectors). In silicon, 3.6 eV are required to produce one electron/hole pair, and, with a single-photon threshold of five times the noise, noise levels of less than 100 eV are required. As a consequence, soft X-ray direct detectors tend to be monolithic (with generally smaller, hence lower capacitance, pixels than hybrid detectors, described in x2), which adds constraints on the readout electronics. To date, variants of charge-coupled devices (CCDs) have been dominant as high-efficiency twodimensional detectors. Commercial detectors are generally thinned (tens of micrometres), back-illuminated, partially depleted CCDs. Pixel readout rates are comparatively slow ($ 1 Megapixel s À1, due to the serial nature of CCD readout and the limited number of readout ports), although good noise can be achieved, particularly for detectors employing electron-multiplying readout. As shown in Fig. 1, for a fully depleted detector (Fig. 1b) there are no field-free regions and all charge is collected by drift. Spatial resolution is limited by scattering, and energy resolution is limited by readout noise and conversion statistics (Fano factor). In the case of a partially depleted detector (Fig. 1a), if the photon converts in the depleted region (as shown on the left) it behaves like a fully depleted detector. If the photon converts in the field-free region, however (as shown on the right), charge diffuses into 4. This not only degrades spatial resolution but also effects energy resolution, as some fraction of the diffusing charge will be lost to recombination.To overcome all of these limitations, the community has developed two CCD-based direct detectors (Denes et al., 2009;Strü der et al., 2010) with technical differences in the implementation, but both using thick (hundreds of micrometres) high-resistivity fully depleted silicon for high quantum efficiency and multiple readout ports for hig...

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“…Although hybrid pixel detectors in photon-counting or integrating mode are excellent candidates to achieve high sensitivity and noise-free operation, reducing the pixel size is challenging due to the intrinsic spatial resolution limitations of the X-ray sensors (Dinapoli et al, 2014). Reaching good spatial resolution and very small pixels is far from trivial and involves a certain level of signal processing for photon position refinement (Schubert et al, 2012). In addition, keeping acceptable photon detection rates would require implementing part of the processing logic inside the pixel electronics.…”

Section: Detection Challenges For the Esrf Upgradementioning

confidence: 99%

New challenges in beamline instrumentation for the ESRF Upgrade Programme Phase II

et al. 2014

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Although beamline instrumentation is by nature driven by science, some recent examples serve as reminders that new technologies also enable new science. Indeed, exploiting the full scientific potential of forthcoming new storage rings with unprecedented source characteristics will, in many cases, require the development and implementation of novel instrumentation. In comparison with present synchrotron radiation facilities, the majority of beamlines should reap immediate performance benefits from the improved source emittance, principally through increased flux and/or horizontal beam size reduction at the sample. Instrumentation will have to develop along similar quantitative and qualitative trends. More speculative and more challenging is anticipating instrumentation that will be required by the new science made possible thanks to the unique coherence properties of diffraction-limited storage rings (DLSRs). ESRF has recently carried out a detailed feasibility study for a new ultra-low-emittance 6 GeV hybrid multibend storage ring, identified as ESRF Upgrade Programme Phase II. Although its performance is not expected to be equivalent to a DLSR source, the successful implementation of the ESRF Phase II project has to address scientific instrumentation issues that are also common to DLSRs. This article aims at providing a comprehensive review of some of the challenges encountered by the ESRF, in the context of the preparation of Phase II of its upgrade programme.

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Micrometre resolution of a charge integrating microstrip detector with single photon sensitivity

Cited by 21 publications

References 12 publications

Micrometer-resolution imaging using MÖNCH: towards G₂-less grating interferometry

Micrometer-resolution imaging using MÖNCH: towards G₂-less grating interferometry

Pixel detectors for diffraction-limited storage rings

New challenges in beamline instrumentation for the ESRF Upgrade Programme Phase II

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Micrometre resolution of a charge integrating microstrip detector with single photon sensitivity

Cited by 21 publications

References 12 publications

Micrometer-resolution imaging using MÖNCH: towards G2-less grating interferometry

Micrometer-resolution imaging using MÖNCH: towards G2-less grating interferometry

Pixel detectors for diffraction-limited storage rings

New challenges in beamline instrumentation for the ESRF Upgrade Programme Phase II

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Product

Resources

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Micrometer-resolution imaging using MÖNCH: towards G₂-less grating interferometry

Micrometer-resolution imaging using MÖNCH: towards G₂-less grating interferometry