Micromorphology, histochemistry and ultrastructure of the foliar trichomes of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae)

Munien, Prelina; Naidoo, Yougasphree; Naidoo, G.

doi:10.1007/s00425-015-2341-1

Cited by 42 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…Glandular trichomes are common among the other clades in asterids as well. For example, Solanaceae short stalked globular trichomes (Type VI) that secrete defensive proteins (Shepherd et al, 2005) and other secondary metabolites are also structurally similar to the asterid salt glands with respect to the cellular organization of a basal cell, 1–2 stalk cells, and a few secretory cells on top (Reis et al, 2002; Glas et al, 2012; Munien et al, 2015). …”

Section: Salt Glands Have Evolved Independently Many Timesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Making Plants Break a Sweat: the Structure, Function, and Evolution of Plant Salt Glands

Dassanayake

Larkin

2017

Front. Plant Sci.

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Salt stress is a complex trait that poses a grand challenge in developing new crops better adapted to saline environments. Some plants, called recretohalophytes, that have naturally evolved to secrete excess salts through salt glands, offer an underexplored genetic resource for examining how plant development, anatomy, and physiology integrate to prevent excess salt from building up to toxic levels in plant tissue. In this review we examine the structure and evolution of salt glands, salt gland-specific gene expression, and the possibility that all salt glands have originated via evolutionary modifications of trichomes. Salt secretion via salt glands is found in more than 50 species in 14 angiosperm families distributed in caryophyllales, asterids, rosids, and grasses. The salt glands of these distantly related clades can be grouped into four structural classes. Although salt glands appear to have originated independently at least 12 times, they share convergently evolved features that facilitate salt compartmentalization and excretion. We review the structural diversity and evolution of salt glands, major transporters and proteins associated with salt transport and secretion in halophytes, salt gland relevant gene expression regulation, and the prospect for using new genomic and transcriptomic tools in combination with information from model organisms to better understand how salt glands contribute to salt tolerance. Finally, we consider the prospects for using this knowledge to engineer salt glands to increase salt tolerance in model species, and ultimately in crops.

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Section: Salt Glands Have Evolved Independently Many Timesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Making Plants Break a Sweat: the Structure, Function, and Evolution of Plant Salt Glands

Dassanayake

Larkin

2017

Front. Plant Sci.

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“…The plants' morphology can help in the identification of the microbe's family, and their functions are dependent on their type and location (Munien et al, 2015). The presence of trichomes in in situ leaves may be related to protection, and the following 2 factors are considered: the presence of substances derived from the secondary metabolism in secretory glands and the number of trichomes present (Jerba et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histochemical Screening of Leaves Compared to in situ and in vitro Calluses of Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq.

Dantas¹,

Melo²,

Pereira³

et al. 2017

JAS

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Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. is a shrub considered to have valuable medicinal potential in folk medicine in China and Nepal. The fruit extract is used for toothache, scabies, headache, dandruff and lice infestation. A limited number of reports address techniques of tissue culture for this plant. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to establish the species in vitro from seeds and subsequently to compare the production of primary and secondary metabolites in the plant's leaves in situ and in vitro and in calluses obtained from leaf segments. Seedlings were established from seeds in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with a 50% salt concentration.The seedlings were kept under a photoperiod of 16 h of photosynthetically active radiation at 45-55 µmol m -2 s -1 provided by fluorescent bulbs. The callus induction experiment followed a completely randomized design consisting of 2 doses of kinetin (KIN), 2.5 and 10 mg L -1 , in the absence or presence of light. Segments were inoculated in glass bottles containing 50% MS medium, 30 g L -1 of sucrose, 3.5 g L -1 of agar and 1 mg L -1 of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), with the pH adjusted to 5.7±0.03. We observed that in vitro cultivation of calluses resulted in greater secondary metabolite production and accumulation, regardless of KIN concentration. In calluses, the best alternative for potentiation occurred in cultivation in the absence of light when compared to the tissues of both in situ and in vitro leaves.

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“…As reported by various authors, non-glandular trichomes constitute a mechanical barrier against adverse external factors such as UV-B radiation, extreme temperatures, and excessive water loss; yet, they also impede oviposition, foraging, and movement of herbivores (Werker 2000;Munien et al 2015;Mitchell et al 2016;Tozin et al 2016). The authors of the present study postulate that the non-glandular trichomes present on O. picridis filaments may prevent nectar drying, as they protect nectar from the outer environment by close adherence to the ovary and corolla tube.…”

Section: Trichome Microstructure and Histochemistrymentioning

confidence: 94%

Taxonomic traits in the microstructure of flowers of parasitic Orobanche picridis with particular emphasis on secretory structures

Konarska

Chmielewski

2019

Protoplasma

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Orobanche picridis is an obligate root parasite devoid of chlorophyll in aboveground organs, which infects various Picris species. Given the high level of phenotypic variability of the species, the considerable limitation of the number of taxonomically relevant traits (mainly in terms of generative elements), and the low morphological variation between species, Orobanche is regarded as one of the taxonomically most problematic genera. This study aimed to analyse the taxonomic traits of O. picridis flowers with the use of stereoscopic and bright-field microscopy as well as fluorescence, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The micromorphology of sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils was described. For the first time, the anatomy of parasitic Orobanche nectaries and the ultrastructure of nectaries and glandular trichomes were presented. Special attention was paid to the distribution and types of glandular and non-glandular trichomes as well as the types of metabolites contained in these structures. It was demonstrated that the nectary gland was located at the base of the gynoecium and nectar was secreted through modified nectarostomata. The secretory parenchyma cells contained nuclei, large amyloplasts with starch granules, mitochondria, and high content of endoplasmic reticulum profiles. Nectar was transported via symplastic and apoplastic routes. The results of histochemical assays and fluorescence tests revealed the presence of four groups of metabolites, i.e. polyphenols (tannins, flavonoids), lipids (acidic and neutral lipids, essential oil, sesquiterpenes, steroids), polysaccharides (acidic and neutral polysaccharides), and alkaloids, in the trichomes located on perianth elements and stamens.

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Micromorphology, histochemistry and ultrastructure of the foliar trichomes of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae)

Cited by 42 publications

References 50 publications

Making Plants Break a Sweat: the Structure, Function, and Evolution of Plant Salt Glands

Making Plants Break a Sweat: the Structure, Function, and Evolution of Plant Salt Glands

Histochemical Screening of Leaves Compared to in situ and in vitro Calluses of Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq.

Taxonomic traits in the microstructure of flowers of parasitic Orobanche picridis with particular emphasis on secretory structures

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