Micronutrient Intakes in 553 Dutch Elite and Sub-Elite Athletes: Prevalence of Low and High Intakes in Users and Non-Users of Nutritional Supplements

Wardenaar, Floris C.; Brinkmans, Naomi; Ceelen, Ingrid J.M.; Rooij, Bo Van; Mensink, Marco; Witkamp, Renger F.; Vries, Jeanne de

doi:10.3390/nu9020142

Cited by 55 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The usual intake of antioxidant-rich foods among athletes has shown to be significantly lower than the 5 portions a day recommended by national health authorities. 44 Thus, we are confident that the food-based antioxidant dose in our protocol produced a large enough increase compared to the subjects' usual intake. Furthermore, only one study subject reported discomfort with the intervention, indicating that it was welltolerated overall and feasible in the field setting.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Antioxidant‐rich foods and response to altitude training: A randomized controlled trial in elite endurance athletes

Koivisto

Paulsen

Paur

et al. 2018

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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High doses of isolated antioxidant supplements such as vitamin C and E have demonstrated the potential to blunt cellular adaptations to training. It is, however, unknown whether intake of high doses of antioxidants from foods has similar effects. Hence, the aim of the study was to investigate whether intake of antioxidant-rich foods affects adaptations to altitude training in elite athletes. In a randomized controlled trial, 31 national team endurance athletes (23 ± 5 years) ingested antioxidant-rich foods (n = 16) or eucaloric control foods (n = 15) daily during a 3-week altitude training camp (2320 m). Changes from baseline to post-altitude in hemoglobin mass (Hb ; optimized CO rebreathing), maximal oxygen uptake (VO ; n = 16) or 100 m swimming performance (n = 10), and blood parameters were compared between the groups. The antioxidant group significantly increased total intake of antioxidant-rich foods (~118%) compared to the control group during the intervention. The total study population improved VO by 2.5% (1.7 mL/kg/min, P = .006) and Hb by 4.7% (48 g, P < .001), but not 100 m swimming performance. No difference was found between the groups regarding changes in Hb , VO or swimming performance. However, hemoglobin concentration increased more in the antioxidant group (effect size = 0.7; P = .045) with a concomitantly larger decrease in plasma and blood volumes compared to control group. Changes in ferritin and erythropoietin from pre- to post-altitude did not differ between the groups. Doubling the intake of antioxidant-rich foods was well tolerated and did not negatively influence the adaptive response to altitude training in elite endurance athletes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Antioxidant‐rich foods and response to altitude training: A randomized controlled trial in elite endurance athletes

Koivisto

Paulsen

Paur

et al. 2018

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…The Dutch athletes reported a lower intake of micronutrients, such as iron; vitamin D; vitamin B1 and B2; vitamin A, B3, and C; and selenium [10]. Recently, Marius et al [15] reported inadequate carbohydrate intakes in 80% of Lithuanian athletes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Comparison of Nutritional Intake between Preparatory and Competitive Phase of Highly Trained Athletes

et al. 2018

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Background and objective: For a high level athlete, it is essential to ensure optimal energy as well as macro- and micro-nutrient and fluid intakes, in order to improve their performance during training and competition. Protein intake should be 1.2–2.1 g/kg/d, whereas the requirements for carbohydrate and fat intakes should be >5g/kg/d and 20–35% of energy, respectively. The micronutrient and fluid intakes in athletes were compared to the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommendations, respectively. This study aimed to characterize and compare the nutritional habits of athletes at the preparatory and competitive phase, and to test if their nutritional intakes were in accordance with the recommendations. Materials and methods: A total of 276 professional athletes were assessed. To evaluate their nutritional intake, the athletes completed a 7 days food record. Under reporting was defined using a ratio of energy intake to basal metabolic rate (BMR) of 1.1. Body composition was assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: Almost half (49%) of the athletes from the final sample reported lower measured intakes of carbohydrates and 27% reported a higher consumption of proteins than what was recommended. In both the preparatory and competitive phases, the micronutrients with a higher mismatch between the actual and recommended intakes were vitamins D and E, magnesium, folate, calcium, and zinc for both sexes, and iron intake for females. A large proportion of athletes reported a lower water intake. Compared to the recommendations, males reported a higher intake of carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins E, calcium, and magnesium (p <0.05) in the competitive phase, while females reported a lower ingestion of water, vitamins A and D, and calcium (p <0.05) in the preparatory phase. Conclusions: Overall, in the preparatory and competitive phases of the season, athletes reported a macro- and micro-nutrient intake below the recommendations, especially in the female athletic population. Dietary intakes in athletes need to be optimized and adjusted to their requirements, according to sex and sport, so as to avoid compromising health and performance.

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“…Retinol intakes above the UL among children have been reported in the United States 34,35,37 and Canada, 36 with prevalences ranging from 0% to 4% among children 4-8 years of age 34 to 59% among children 24-47 months of age. 35 Among adults, retinol intakes exceeding the UL were uncommon in the United States, Mexico, and several European countries, [49][50][51][52][53][54][55] but there was some evidence of excessive intake among supplement users. 51,52 In addition, fortified sugar has been implicated in reports of high VA intake and status in Guatemala, 56,57 Nicaragua, 58 and Zambia, 59,60 although, to our knowledge, national estimates of the prevalence of excessive intake or status are unavailable.…”

Section: Burden Of Excessive Intakesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…35 Among adults, retinol intakes exceeding the UL were uncommon in the United States, Mexico, and several European countries, [49][50][51][52][53][54][55] but there was some evidence of excessive intake among supplement users. 51,52 In addition, fortified sugar has been implicated in reports of high VA intake and status in Guatemala, 56,57 Nicaragua, 58 and Zambia, 59,60 although, to our knowledge, national estimates of the prevalence of excessive intake or status are unavailable. children, 34,35,61 particularly in association with consumption of voluntarily fortified food, such as fortified breakfast cereal: 5-7% of children 1-8 years old in the highest quintile of fortified food intake had folic acid intake above the UL.…”

Section: Burden Of Excessive Intakesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weighing the risks of high intakes of selected micronutrients compared with the risks of deficiencies

Engle‐Stone

Vosti

Luo

et al. 2019

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Several intervention strategies are available to reduce micronutrient deficiencies, but uncoordinated implementation of multiple interventions may result in excessive intakes. We reviewed relevant data collection instruments and available information on excessive intakes for selected micronutrients and considered possible approaches for weighing competing risks of intake above tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) versus insufficient intakes at the population level. In general, population‐based surveys in low‐ and middle‐income countries suggest that dietary intakes greater than the UL are uncommon, but simulations indicate that fortification and supplementation programs could lead to high intakes under certain scenarios. The risk of excessive intakes can be reduced by considering baseline information on dietary intakes and voluntary supplement use and continuously monitoring program coverage. We describe a framework for comparing risks of micronutrient deficiency and excess, recognizing that critical information for judging these risks is often unavailable. We recommend (1) assessing total dietary intakes and nutritional status; (2) incorporating rapid screening tools for routine monitoring and surveillance; (3) addressing critical research needs, including evaluations of the current ULs, improving biomarkers of excess, and developing methods for predicting and comparing risks and benefits; and (4) ensuring that relevant information is used in decision‐making processes.

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Micronutrient Intakes in 553 Dutch Elite and Sub-Elite Athletes: Prevalence of Low and High Intakes in Users and Non-Users of Nutritional Supplements

Cited by 55 publications

References 42 publications

Antioxidant‐rich foods and response to altitude training: A randomized controlled trial in elite endurance athletes

Antioxidant‐rich foods and response to altitude training: A randomized controlled trial in elite endurance athletes

Characterization and Comparison of Nutritional Intake between Preparatory and Competitive Phase of Highly Trained Athletes

Weighing the risks of high intakes of selected micronutrients compared with the risks of deficiencies

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