The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is activated by oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory stimuli and controls the expression of numerous genes involved in the inflammatory response. Dampening NF-kappaB activation and thereby limiting the inflammatory response have been suggested as a potential strategy to prevent chronic inflammatory diseases. In cultured monocytes, anthocyanins isolated from bilberries and black currants (Medox) efficiently suppressed LPS-induced activation of NF-kappaB. Furthermore, we studied the effect of anthocyanin supplementation (Medox, 300 mg/d for 3 wk) in a parallel-designed, placebo-controlled clinical trial (n = 120 men and women aged 40-74 y). Differences were observed in several NF-kappaB related inflammatory mediators in the Medox group compared to placebo. The changes in the NF-kappaB-controlled pro-inflammatory chemokines IL-8, "regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted," (RANTES) and IFNalpha (an inducer of NF-kappaB activation) in the Medox group (45, 15, and 40% decreases from baseline, respectively) differed from those in the placebo group (20, 0, and 15% decreases from baseline, respectively) (P < 0.050). Similarly, changes in IL-4 and IL-13, 2 cytokines that mediate pro-inflammatory responses and induce NF-kappaB activation, in the Medox group (60 and 38% decreases from baseline, respectively) tended to differ from those in the placebo group (4 and 6% decreases) (P = 0.056 and, P = 0.089, respectively). These data suggest that anthocyanin supplementation may have a role in the prevention or treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases by inhibition of NF-kappaB transactivation and deceased plasma concentrations of pro-inflammatory chemokines, cytokines, and inflammatory mediators.

Key pointsr Recent studies have indicated that antioxidant supplementation may blunt adaptations to exercise, such as mitochondrial biogenesis induced by endurance training. However, studies in humans are sparse and results are conflicting.r Isolated vitamin C and E supplements are widely used, and unravelling the interference of these vitamins in cellular and physiological adaptations to exercise is of interest to those who exercise for health purposes and to athletes.r Our results show that vitamin C and E supplements blunted the endurance training-induced increase of mitochondrial proteins (COX4), which is important for improving muscular endurance.r Training-induced increases inV O 2 max and running performance were not detectably affected by the supplementation.r The present study contributes to understanding of how antioxidants may interfere with adaptations to exercise in humans, and the results indicate that high dosages of vitamins C and E should be used with caution.Abstract In this double-blind, randomised, controlled trial, we investigated the effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on endurance training adaptations in humans. Fifty-four young men and women were randomly allocated to receive either 1000 mg of vitamin C and 235 mg of vitamin E or a placebo daily for 11 weeks. During supplementation, the participants completed an endurance training programme consisting of three to four sessions per week (primarily of running), divided into high-intensity interval sessions [4-6 × 4-6 min; >90% of maximal heart rate (HR max )] and steady state continuous sessions (30-60 min; 70-90% of HR max ). Maximal oxygen uptake (V O 2 max ), submaximal running and a 20 m shuttle run test were assessed and blood samples and muscle biopsies were collected, before and after the intervention. Participants in the vitamin C and E group increased theirV O 2 max (mean ± S.D.: 8 ± 5%) and performance in the 20 m shuttle test (10 ± 11%) to the same degree as those in the placebo group (mean ± S.D.: 8 ± 5% and 14 ± 17%, respectively). However, the mitochondrial marker cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX4) and cytosolic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1 α (PGC-1α) increased in the m. vastus lateralis in the placebo group by 59 ± 97% and 19 ± 51%, respectively, but not in the vitamin C and E group (COX4: −13 ± 54%; PGC-1α: −13 ± 29%; P ࣘ 0.03, between groups). Furthermore, mRNA levels of CDC42 and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) in the trained muscle were lower in the vitamin C and E group than in the placebo group (P ࣘ 0.05). Daily vitamin C and E supplementation attenuated increases in markers of mitochondrial biogenesis following endurance training. However, no clear interactions were detected for improvements inV O 2 max and running performance. Consequently, vitamin C and E supplementation hampered cellular adaptations in the exercised muscles, and although this did not translate to the performance tests applied in this study, we advocate caution when considering antioxidant supplemen...

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Although early studies suggested that coffee consumption might increase risk of some cancers, more comprehensive epidemiological and experimental data now generally indicate either neutral or beneficial effects. In this review, we summarize the current evidence for associations between breast, prostate, colorectal, and liver cancers and the consumption of coffee, and discuss the experimental evidence for potential chemopreventive mechanisms of coffee and coffee constituents. The epidemiological evidence consistently indicates that coffee protects against liver cancer, and also point toward protective effects for risk of colorectal cancers (with relative risks of 0.50 (95% CI: 0.42-0.59) and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.75-0.92), respectively, in the most recent meta-analyses). There seems to be no association between the overall risk of breast and prostate cancer and coffee intake. However, for subgroups such as postmenopausal breast cancers, advanced prostate cancers, and breast and prostate cancer survivors, an inverse association with coffee intake is indicated. Potential mechanisms for chemopreventive effects of coffee phytochemicals includes inhibition of oxidative stress and oxidative damage, regulation of DNA repair, phase II enzymatic activity, apoptosis, inflammation, as well as having antiproliferative, antiangiogenetic effects and antimetastatic effects. The experimental evidence for effects of coffee and coffee constituents on each of these processes is discussed.

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