Micronutrient supplementation in pregnancy: Who, what and how much?

Parisi, Francesca; Bartolo, Ilenia di; Savasi, Valeria; Cetin, Irene

doi:10.1177/1753495x18769213

Cited by 29 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…Excess iron can be responsible for the development of oxidative stress, elevated blood viscosity, and even risk of pre-eclampsia [69]. Other authors also report that high iron concentrations can cause an increase in the incidence of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus type 2 during pregnancy [57,76].…”

Section: Ironmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Excess selenium is known as selenosis and is characterized when its values are above 400 µg/day (tolerable daily level) in adults. Among the characteristic symptoms of the disease are episodes of vomiting, diarrhea, neuronal disorders, hair loss, and infertility [22,23,76,103]. Cases of selenium toxicity occur in lower proportions and in isolated regions where its presence in the soil is abundant [23].…”

Section: Seleniummentioning

confidence: 99%

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Minerals in Pregnancy and Their Impact on Child Growth and Development

et al. 2020

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During pregnancy, women undergo metabolic and physiological changes, and their needs are higher, to maintain growth and development of the fetus. If the nutritional status of the expectant mother is not satisfactory, some maternal and neonatal complications can occur. In the second and third trimester of pregnancy, there is a reserve of nutrients in the fetus that can be utilized after birth; thereby, children present an accelerated growth in the first years of life, which is a proven response to the available nutrition pattern. However, if such a pattern is insufficient, there will be deficits during development, including brain function. Therefore, despite many recent published works about gestational nutrition, uncertainties still remain on the mechanisms of absorption, distribution, and excretion of micronutrients. Further elucidation is needed to better understand the impacts caused either by deficiency or excess of some micronutrients. Thus, to illustrate the contributions of minerals during prenatal development and in children, iodine, selenium, iron, zinc, calcium, and magnesium were selected. Our study sought to review the consequences related to gestational deficiency of the referred minerals and their impact on growth and development in children born from mothers with such deficiencies

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Section: Ironmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Seleniummentioning

confidence: 99%

Minerals in Pregnancy and Their Impact on Child Growth and Development

et al. 2020

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“…A pesar de estas consideraciones, se sugiere en países en vías de desarrollo que el suplemento con micronutrientes es más costo-efectivo (15) . Esto ciertamente debe ser investigado para determinar cuál es la situación en países como el nuestro donde se observa grandes brechas, con poblaciones que se enmarcan entre los que tienen más y menos salud y acceso a los servicios de salud.…”

Section: El Hierro ¿Bueno O Malo Para La Salud?unclassified

Fisiopatología de la anemia durante el embarazo: ¿anemia o hemodilución?

Gonzáles¹,

Olavegoya²

2019

Rev peru ginecol obstet.

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El hierro es un micronutriente fundamental para la salud; su deficiencia o su exceso son dañinos. Por ello, el organismo regula el requerimiento de hierro en base a su alta capacidad para almacenar y reciclar el hierro corporal de tal manera que su requerimiento es mínimo (1 a 2 mg absorbido/día). Esto se regula a través de la hepcidina, una hormona hepática que inhibe a la proteína transportadora de hierro (ferroportina) y con ello disminuye la absorción de hierro, o su liberación en los tejidos donde se almacenan. Durante la gestación hay una mayor necesidad de hierro para la placenta y el feto, y ello se evidencia en un aumento de la eritropoyesis; sin embargo, la concentración de la hemoglobina disminuye por efecto de una mayor expansión vascular. Esto determina una hemodilución que se evidencia a partir del segundo trimestre, y luego se va normalizando al final del tercer trimestre. La anemia materna por deficiencia de hierro se constituye en un problema de salud pública cuando es de magnitud moderada (7 a 14,5 g/dL) en la gestante afecta a la madre y al neonato. Por ello es importante determinar si una gestante con hemoglobina baja es realmente anémica o tiene una hemodilución, que es un proceso fisiológico que no requiere de tratamiento. Esta revisión presenta las evidencias para poder discriminar entre una anemia verdadera gestacional de una hemodilución fisiológica.

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“…However, reproductive stress is a sustained and prolonged process for pregnant females, potentially resulting in alteration of neuroendocrine events, changes in metabolism (Parisi et al 2019), impairment of immune function and possible dysfunction of the reproductive system, which we designate as reproductive stress syndrome. Its clinical symptoms are complex and particular to reproductive activities but can be summarized into three categories.…”

Section: Reproductive Stress Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

The reproductive stress hypothesis

Wen

et al. 2019

Reproduction

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In this paper, we propose the reproductive stress hypothesis that describes the pregnant females response to reproductive events based upon the activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and sympathetic adrenomedullary system. The main components of the reproductive stress hypothesis can be summarized as follows: (1) events unique to reproduction including empathema, pregnancy, parturition and lactation cause non-specific responses in females, called active reproductive stress; (2) the fetus is a special stressor for pregnant females where endocrine hormones, including corticotropin-releasing hormones and fetal glucocorticoids secreted by the fetus and placenta, enter the maternal circulatory system, leading to another stress response referred to as passive reproductive stress and (3) response to uterine tension and intrauterine infection is the third type of stress, called fetal intrauterine stress. Appropriate reproductive stress is a crucial prerequisite in normal reproductive processes. By contrast, excessive or inappropriate reproductive stress may result in dysfunctions of the reproductive system, such as compromised immune function, leading to susceptibility to disease. The novel insights of the reproductive stress hypothesis have important implications for deciphering the pathogenesis of certain diseases in pregnant animals, including humans, which in turn may be applied to preventing and treating their occurrence.

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Micronutrient supplementation in pregnancy: Who, what and how much?

Cited by 29 publications

References 111 publications

Minerals in Pregnancy and Their Impact on Child Growth and Development

Minerals in Pregnancy and Their Impact on Child Growth and Development

Fisiopatología de la anemia durante el embarazo: ¿anemia o hemodilución?

The reproductive stress hypothesis

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