Micronutrients and Macronutrients and Parameters of Antioxidative Ability in Saliva of Women: Inhabitants of Krakow (Poland) in the Course of Uncomplicated Singleton Pregnancy

Abstract

There were two aims of the present study: (1) to evaluate changes of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and total antioxidative status measured as the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) concentration in saliva of pregnant women during the first, second, and third trimesters of singleton uncomplicated pregnancy and (2) to assess possible relations among SOD, FRAP, and intake of macronutrients and micronutrients in daily nutritional rations (DNRs) during pregnancy. Forty pregnant women aged 27.1+/-5.4 yr (examined group) and 40 healthy women (the control group) were recruited for this study. The relationship between FRAP and SOD in saliva and the intake of macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, total fat, saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids), minerals (Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn), and vitamins (A, C, E, B1, B2, B6, PP) in DNR was evaluated by clustering analysis with Ward's grouping method. During pregnancy, FRAP and SOD values were lower than in the controls, but only for FRAP were the differences statistically significant (p < 0.001). For the whole pregnancy period, cluster analysis identified two major clusters for which the differentiating variables were SOD and retinoids intake, but different patterns for each trimester of pregnancy were revealed. The following were concluded: (1) FRAP values were the lowest in the second trimester. It suggests that in this trimester of uncomplicated pregnancy, women might be not fully adapted to increased demands for antioxidative mechanisms. (2) Cluster analysis showed that there were no statistical relationships between the intake of micronutrients and macronutrients in DNRs and the SOD or FRAP level in the saliva of pregnant women.

Altered redox homeostasis in human diabetes saliva

“…Oxidative damage products (e.g., protein carbonyls, 8-OHdG, 4-hydroxyalkenals, malondialdehyde) and antioxidant enzyme activities (e.g., superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase) have been detected in human saliva (11). Changes in salivary redox homeostasis as manifested by deviations in absolute levels or expression patterns of these indices may reflect the presence and severity of various oral (e.g., periodontitis) and systemic (e.g., scleroderma, inflammatory bowel disease) conditions (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31). Recent evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the development of diabetic complications (32)(33)(34)(35)(36).…”

Salivary and Urinary Total Antioxidant Capacity as Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Humans

“…TAC was negatively correlated with bacterial counts during the ovulatory phase, but not during the follicular phase [ 66 ]. Besides, salivary TAC was lower during uncomplicated pregnancy [ 70 ] and in osteoporotic subjects compared to age-matched healthy women [ 133 ].…”

The potential of salivary biomarkers of nutritional status and dietary intake: A Systematic Review

“…An increasing trend in salivary TAC was found with an increased dietary antioxidant intake in adults [93] and a positive association and an inverse association between salivary TAC and simple carbohydrate and complex carbohydrate, respectively [74]. However, salivary TAC was not associated with micronutrient or macronutrient intake during pregnancy [61].…”

“…Results suggested that both salivary and plasma TAC respond to an increased antioxidant intake similarly. However, no differences in salivary TAC [93] or nutrient intake during pregnancy [61] were detected using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Therefore, the TEAC assay may be more sensitive than the FRAP assay in detecting salivary TAC changes.…”