Microparticles orchestrating cell fate in bottom-up approaches

Unraveling the potential of 3D bioprinted immunomodulatory materials for regulating macrophage polarization: State-of-the-art in bone and associated tissue regeneration

“…Immunomodulatory biomaterials not only interact with macrophage cells but also elicit host-specific immunity (implant-mediated immune response) and regulating the fate of macrophages [ 4 ]. The surface topology (stiff or soft matrix) [ [5] , [6] , [7] , [8] , [9] ], chemical composition [ [10] , [11] , [12] ], particle size [ 10 , 13 , 14 ], porosity [ 15 , 16 ], self-assembly [ 17 , 18 ], wettability [ [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] ], and roughness [ 23 , 24 ] of the biomaterial promote the specific immune response. Moreover, the degradation products of biomaterials may exhibit various immunomodulatory effects on immune cells, which can initiate a local immune response at the implantation site [ 4 ].…”

Preparation and Properties of Bimetallic Chitosan Spherical Microgels

“…Recently, the use of microparticles (microgels) as building blocks for bottom-up tissue engineering strategies, 3D cellular disease models and reinforcement components in bioinks has extended microparticles’ applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering [ 27 , 28 ]. The design and engineering of microparticles are predominant in modulating biochemical-physical and architectural features that can induce a specific cellular response.…”

The microparticulate inks for bioprinting applications

“…The microgels have been reported either as mammalian cell culturing microcarriers (i.e., cells are seeded on the microgel surfaces, C-on-M) or to recapitulate 3D microenvironments (i.e., cells encapsulated within microgel units, C-in-M) [ 17 , 83 , 84 ]. These cellularized microgels can be used for the bottom-up engineering of complex 3D constructs due to their modular and customizable characteristics [ 85 ].…”