Microphysics, radiation and surface processes in the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) model

Tao, Wei‐Kuo; Simpson, Joanne; Baker, Dennis G.; Braun, Scott A.; Chou, Ming Dah; Ferrier, B.; Johnson, Daniel E.; Хаин, А.; Lang, S.; Lynn, Barry; Shie, Chung‐Lin; Starr, David Oc.; Sui, C.-H.; Wang, Y.; Wetzel, Peter J.

doi:10.1007/s00703-001-0594-7

Cited by 325 publications

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“…[8] The four microphysical schemes investigated in this paper include the Goddard bulk single-moment scheme [hereinafter GSFC, Tao and Simpson, 1993;Tao et al, 2003;Lang et al, 2007], the WRF single-moment 6-class scheme [hereinafter WSM6, [Hong and Lim, 2006], the Thompson scheme [hereinafter THOM, Thompson et al, 2008], and the Morrison double-moment scheme [hereinafter MORR, Morrison et al, 2005;Morrison et al, 2009]. Each scheme assumes six categories of water species: water vapor, cloud water, cloud ice, snow, graupel, and rain.…”

Section: Models and Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of cloud microphysics schemes in simulations of a winter storm using radar and radiometer measurements

et al. 2013

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[1] Using observations from a space-borne radiometer and a ground-based precipitation profiling radar, the impact of cloud microphysics schemes in the WRF model on the simulation of microwave brightness temperature (T b ), radar reflectivity, and Doppler velocity (V dop ) is studied for a winter storm in California. The unique assumptions of particles size distributions, number concentrations, shapes, and fall speeds in different microphysics schemes are implemented into a satellite simulator and customized calculations for the radar are performed to ensure consistent representation of precipitation properties between the microphysics schemes and the radiative transfer models. [2] Simulations with four different schemes in the WRF model, including the Goddard scheme (GSFC), the WRF single-moment 6-class scheme (WSM6), the Thompson scheme (THOM), and the Morrison double-moment scheme (MORR), are compared directly with measurements from the sensors. Results show large variations in the simulated radiative properties. General biases of~20 K or larger are found in (polarization-corrected) T b , which is linked to an overestimate of the precipitating ice aloft. The simulated reflectivity with THOM appears to agree well with the observations, while high biases of~5À10 dBZ are found in GSFC, WSM6 and MORR. Peak reflectivity in MORR exceeds other schemes. These biases are attributable to the snow intercept parameters or the snow number concentrations. Simulated V dop values based on GSFC agree with the observations well, while other schemes appear to have a~1 m s -1 high bias in the ice layer. In the rain layer, the model representations of Doppler velocity vary at different sites.Citation: Han, M., S. A. Braun, T. Matsui, and C. R. Williams (2013), Evaluation of cloud microphysics schemes in simulations of a winter storm using radar and radiometer measurements,

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Section: Models and Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of cloud microphysics schemes in simulations of a winter storm using radar and radiometer measurements

et al. 2013

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“…Although those previous studies emphasized the important role of direct cloud-radiation interaction, they basically assume preexisting clouds with no explanation as to what processes are responsible for generating clouds in the nighttime. Regarding this, Tao et al (1996Tao et al ( , 2003 suggested an important role of large-scale free-atmospheric cooling in the nighttime by longwave radiation for destabilizing the large-scale environment in the tropics. They suggested that the nocturnal longwave cooling is important for increasing the relative humidity and available precipitable water (Sui et al 1997(Sui et al , 1998, but not CAPE, in the case of the tropics with high moisture content.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The model used in this study is the latest version of the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) model (Tao et al 2003), originally developed by Tao and Simpson (1993). It is an elastic, non-hydrostatic, cloud-resolving model with detailed cloud microphysics that facilitates the study of the development of mesoscale convective systems and their interactions with large-scale dynamics.…”

Section: Model and Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sub-grid scale turbulence parameterization is based on Klemp and Wilhelmson (1978) and Soong and Ogura (1980). Other details of the model are described in Tao et al (2003) and the references therein.…”

Section: Model and Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, the forcing consists of three-hourly observations that include the largescale winds, the large-scale advection of temperature and mixing ratio of water vapor, and the surface sensible/latent heat fluxes (spatially uniform over the horizontal grids). We note that a version of the CRM similar to this was used by Sui et al (1998) and Tao et al (2003) to study the mechanisms of diurnal precipitation over the tropical oceans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanisms of diurnal precipitation over the US Great Plains: a cloud resolving model perspective

et al. 2009

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The mechanisms of summertime diurnal precipitation in the US Great Plains were examined with the two-dimensional (2D) Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) cloud-resolving model (CRM). The model was constrained by the observed large-scale background state and surface flux derived from the Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program's Intensive Observing Period (IOP) data at the Southern Great Plains (SGP). The model, when continuously-forced by realistic surface flux and large-scale advection, simulates reasonably well the temporal evolution of the observed rainfall episodes, particularly for the strongly forced precipitation events. However, the model exhibits a deficiency for the weakly forced events driven by diurnal convection. Additional tests were run with the GCE model in order to discriminate between the mechanisms that determine daytime and nighttime convection. In these tests, the model was constrained with the same repeating diurnal variation in the large-scale advection and/or surface flux. The results indicate that it is primarily the surface heat and moisture flux that is responsible for the development of deep convection in the afternoon, whereas the large-scale upward motion and associated moisture advection play an important role in preconditioning nocturnal convection. In the nighttime, high clouds are continuously built up through their interaction and feedback with long-wave radiation, eventually initiating deep convection from the boundary layer. Without these upper-level destabilization processes, the model tends to produce only daytime convection in response to boundary layer heating. This study suggests that the correct simulation of the diurnal variation in precipitation requires that the free-atmospheric destabilization mechanisms resolved in the CRM simulation must be adequately parameterized in current general circulation models (GCMs) many of which are overly sensitive to the parameterized boundary layer heating.

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Observed influence of riming, temperature, and turbulence on the fallspeed of solid precipitation

Garrett

Yuter

2014

Geophys. Res. Lett.

121

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Forecasts of the amount and geographic distribution of snow are highly sensitive to a model's parameterization of hydrometeor fallspeed. Riming is generally thought to lead to particles with a higher mass and terminal velocity. Yet models commonly assume that heavily rimed particles such as graupel have a fixed density and that their settling speed is unaffected by turbulence in storms. Here we show automated measurements of photographed hydrometeor shape and fallspeed using a new instrument placed in Utah's Wasatch Mountain Range. The data show that graupel in low‐turbulence conditions has a size‐dependent fallspeed distribution with a mode near 1 m s−1, a result that is generally consistent with prior observations. However, the distributions are broadened by turbulence and there is a correspondence between particle density and air temperature. In high turbulence and at low temperatures, any sensitivity of fallspeed to particle size disappears.

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Microphysics, radiation and surface processes in the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) model

Cited by 325 publications

References 0 publications

Evaluation of cloud microphysics schemes in simulations of a winter storm using radar and radiometer measurements

Evaluation of cloud microphysics schemes in simulations of a winter storm using radar and radiometer measurements

Mechanisms of diurnal precipitation over the US Great Plains: a cloud resolving model perspective

Observed influence of riming, temperature, and turbulence on the fallspeed of solid precipitation

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