Thrombogenic and inflammatory mediators, such as thrombin, induce NF-kB-mediated endothelial cell (EC) activation and dysfunction, which contribute to pathogenesis of arterial thrombosis. The role of anti-inflammatory microRNA-181b (miR-181b) on thrombosis remains unknown. Our previous study demonstrated that miR-181b inhibits downstream NF-kB signaling in response to TNF-a. Here, we demonstrate that miR-181b uniquely inhibits upstream NF-kB signaling in response to thrombin. Overexpression of miR-181b inhibited thrombin-induced activation of NF-kB signaling, demonstrated by reduction of phospho-IKK-b, -IkB-a, and p65 nuclear translocation in ECs. MiR-181b also reduced expression of NF-kB target genes VCAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, E-selectin, and tissue factor. Mechanistically, miR-181b targets caspase recruitment domain family member 10 (Card10), an adaptor protein that participates in activation of the IKK complex in response to signals transduced from protease-activated receptor-1. miR-181b reduced expression of Card10 mRNA and protein, but not protease-activated receptor-1. 39-Untranslated region reporter assays, argonaute-2 microribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation studies, and Card10 rescue studies revealed that Card10 is a bona fide direct miR-181b target. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Card10 expression phenocopied effects of miR-181b on NF-kB signaling and targets. Card10 deficiency did not affect TNF-a-induced activation of NF-kB signaling, which suggested stimulus-specific regulation of NF-kB signaling and endothelial responses by miR-181b in ECs. Finally, in response to photochemical injuryinduced arterial thrombosis, systemic delivery of miR-181b reduced thrombus formation by 73% in carotid arteries and prolonged time to occlusion by 1.6-fold, effects recapitulated by Card10 small interfering RNA. These data demonstrate that miR-181b and Card10 are important regulators of thrombin-induced EC activation and arterial thrombosis. These studies highlight the relevance of microRNA-dependent targets in response to ligand-specific signaling in