MicroRNAs as Modulators of Oral Tumorigenesis—A Focused Review

Rishabh, Kumar; Khadilkar, Soham; Kumar, Aviral; Kalra, Ishu; Kumar, Alan Prem; Kunnumakkara, Ajaikumar B.

doi:10.3390/ijms22052561

Cited by 59 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 254 publications

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“…135 It is now well established that miRNAs also play an essential role in regulating the processes of cancer. [136][137][138] In line with this, miR-204-3p was found to have a tumor-suppressive role in glioblastoma. The treatment of U87 MG cells with XN upregulated miR-204-3p which leads to induction of apoptosis and inhibition of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGFBP2)/ Akt/Bcl-2 pathways.…”

Section: Molecular Targets and Mechanism Of Action Of Xnsupporting

confidence: 54%

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Xanthohumol from Hop: Hope for cancer prevention and treatment

et al. 2021

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Cancer is a major public health concern due to high mortality and poor quality of life of patients. Despite the availability of advanced therapeutic interventions, most treatment modalities are not efficacious, very expensive, and cause several adverse side effects. The factors such as drug resistance, lack of specificity, and low efficacy of the cancer drugs necessitate developing alternative strategies for the prevention and treatment of this disease. Xanthohumol (XN), a prenylated chalcone present in Hop (Humulus lupulus), has been found to possess prominent activities against aging, diabetes, inflammation, microbial infection, and cancer. Thus, this manuscript thoroughly reviews the literature on the anti-cancer properties of XN and its various molecular targets. XN was found to exert its inhibitory effect on the growth and proliferation of cancer cells via modulation of multiple signaling pathways such as Akt, AMPK, ERK, IGFBP2, NF-κB, and STAT3, and also modulates various proteins such as Notch1, caspases, MMPs, Bcl-2, cyclin D1, oxidative stress markers, tumorsuppressor proteins, and miRNAs. Thus, these reports suggest that XN possesses enormous therapeutic potential against various cancers and could be potentially used as a multi-targeted anti-cancer agent with minimal adverse effects.

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Section: Molecular Targets and Mechanism Of Action Of Xnsupporting

confidence: 54%

“…It is now well established that miRNAs also play an essential role in regulating the processes of cancer 136–138 . In line with this, miR‐204‐3p was found to have a tumor‐suppressive role in glioblastoma.…”

Section: Molecular Targets and Mechanism Of Action Of Xnmentioning

confidence: 62%

Xanthohumol from Hop: Hope for cancer prevention and treatment

et al. 2021

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“…Therefore, they are more stable in tissues (including fresh tissues and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues) or body fluids (such as blood, saliva, urine, and milk), making them an important diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for malignant tumors [9]. Recent studies have used miRNA expression profiles to define the diagnostic value of miRNA in HNSCC [10]. For example, Salazar-Ruales et al comprehensively identified 4 miRNAs from 108 saliva samples of HNSCC patients and 108 controls using a PCR arrays technique to determine whether these miRNAs can be useful as HNSCC diagnostic biomarkers [114].…”

Section: Clinical Implications Of Mirna In Hnsccmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the past two decades, massive next generation sequencing (NGS) and transcriptome profiling have provided much information for screening and searching for new cancer genes [7]. Among these studies, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as excellent biomarkers in the diagnosis of human diseases, including HNSCC [8][9][10][11]. In addition to their high tissue specificity, the main reason why miRNAs are ideal cancer biomarkers is their high stability in body fluids (including blood, urine, and saliva), even in paraffin-embedded specimens [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MicroRNAs: Their Role in Metabolism, Tumor Microenvironment, and Therapeutic Implications in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Shiah

Chou

Chang

2021

Cancers

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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression by binding to target mRNAs. Deregulated miRNAs can act as either oncogenic miRNAs or tumor suppressor miRNAs in controlling proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, metastasis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and immune responses, which are all involved in the carcinogenesis process of HNSCC. Recent findings have shown that metabolic reprogramming is an important hallmark of cancer, which is necessary for malignant transformation and tumor development. Some reprogrammed metabolisms are believed to be required for HNSCC against an unfavorable tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME is composed of various cell types embedded in the altered extracellular matrix, among which exosomes, secreted by cancer cells, are one of the most important factors. Tumor-derived exosomes reshape the tumor microenvironment and play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication during HNSCC development. Exosomes encapsulate many biomolecules, including miRNAs, circulate in body fluids, and can transmit intercellular regulatory messages to nearby and distant sites, which indicates that exosomal miRNAs have the potential to become non-invasive biomarkers. This review aims to clarify the functions of diverse miRNAs in HNSCC metabolic reprogramming and tumor-derived exosomes. In addition, it also emphasizes the potential role of miRNA as a biomarker in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of HNSCC cancer.

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“…These miRNAs (miRs) are known to be deregulated in different stages of cancer development as they are known to regulate the expression of genes involved in onset and development of tumors, and such miRNAs are called oncomiRs. Thus these molecules along with numerous agents that can efficiently be part of molecular targeted therapy are being developed that can target cellular processes, such as angiogenesis, signal transduction, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis induction, protein translation, and metastases (Rishabh et al, 2021). To enhance the likelihood of achieving a positive response to this targeted therapy, further studies have to be done to understand the precise molecular mechanisms of cancer in each patient, then carefully designing bio-drugs to deal with the situation paving the way for personalized cancer therapeutics.…”

Section: Debilitating Effects Of Chemotherapy and The Need For Novel Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

RNA Interference and Nanotechnology: A Promising Alliance for Next Generation Cancer Therapeutics

Swaminathan

Shigna

Kumar

et al. 2021

Front. Nanotechnol.

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Cancer is a significant health hazard of the 21st century, and GLOBOCAN predicts increasing cancer incidence in the coming decades. Though several conventional treatment modalities exist, most of them end up causing off-target and debilitating effects, and drug resistance acquisition. Advances in our understanding of tumor molecular biology offer alternative strategies for precise, robust, and potentially less toxic treatment paradigms for circumventing the disease at the cellular and molecular level. Several deregulated molecules associated with tumorigenesis have been developed as targets in RNA interference (RNAi) based cancer therapeutics. RNAi, a post-transcriptional gene regulation mechanism, has significantly gained attention because of its precise multi-targeted gene silencing. Although the RNAi approach is favorable, the direct administration of small oligonucleotides has not been fruitful because of their inherent lower half-lives and instability in the biological systems. Moreover, the lack of an appropriate delivery system to the primary site of the tumor that helps determine the potency of the drug and its reach, has limited the effective medical utilization of these bio-drugs. Nanotechnology, with its unique characteristics of enhanced permeation and better tumor-targeting efficiency, offers promising solutions owing to the various possibilities and amenability for modifications of the nanoparticles to augment cancer therapeutics. Nanoparticles could be made multimodal, by designing and synthesizing multiple desired functionalities, often resulting in unique and potentially applicable biological structures. A small number of Phase I clinical trials with systemically administered siRNA molecules conjugated with nanoparticles have been completed and the results are promising, indicating that, these new combinatorial therapies can successfully and safely be used to inhibit target genes in cancer patients to alleviate some of the disease burden. In this review, we highlight different types of nano-based delivery strategies for engineering Nano-RNAi-based bio drugs. Furthermore, we have highlighted the insights gained from current research that are entering the preclinical evaluation and information about initial clinical developments, shaping the future for next generation cancer therapeutics.

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MicroRNAs as Modulators of Oral Tumorigenesis—A Focused Review

Cited by 59 publications

References 254 publications

Xanthohumol from Hop: Hope for cancer prevention and treatment

Xanthohumol from Hop: Hope for cancer prevention and treatment

MicroRNAs: Their Role in Metabolism, Tumor Microenvironment, and Therapeutic Implications in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

RNA Interference and Nanotechnology: A Promising Alliance for Next Generation Cancer Therapeutics

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