Microsatellite genetic variation between and within farmed and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations

Norris, Ashie; Bradley, Daniel G.; Cunningham, E. P.

doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(99)00212-4

Cited by 271 publications

(217 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Thus, for example, when the mean standardised selection gradient is 1 (that is, very strong selection), the expected evolutionary response in L F for the wild 0+parr based on the August 1998 electrofishing sample would be 0.4% (that is, an evolvability of 0.4% for the WW group), whereas that for the farmed parr would be only 0.2% (Table 3). In general, we found that V A (and hence evolvability) was lower in the FF group compared with the WW group, which is in line with previous findings that genetic variation in farm salmon strains are often lower than in wild strains (Norris et al, 1999;Skaala et al, 2004). Interestingly, Solberg et al (2013b) reported reduced heritability of juvenile mass in farm-provenance Atlantic salmon, compared with progeny of wild parents, when both were reared under standard hatchery conditions with unrestricted access to food.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Overall genetic diversity may be considerably lower in farm salmon compared with wild populations (Norris et al, 1999;Skaala et al, 2004), at least when considering highly polymorphic genetic markers, because of low effective population sizes in the farm and/or strong directional selection on target traits, which can deplete genetic variation (Lynch and Walsh, 1998). A priori, therefore, one may expect that offspring produced by farm parents should exhibit reduced phenotypic variation in the wild and therefore less variable survival rates compared with wild families.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By 1983, the Mowi strain had already experienced circa 15 years (3-5 generations) of domestication in Norway, and thereafter the selection trajectory of the Fanad strain, which has never received inputs from Irish wild strains, was likely different from that of the farm strains in Norway (Norris et al, 1999). Four cross-types (hereafter simply 'groups') were made, involving pure farm, pure wild and both reciprocal hybrids (Table 1).…”

Section: Study Area and Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantifying heritable variation in fitness-related traits of wild, farmed and hybrid Atlantic salmon families in a wild river environment

et al. 2015

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Farmed fish are typically genetically different from wild conspecifics. Escapees from fish farms may contribute one-way gene flow from farm to wild gene pools, which can depress population productivity, dilute local adaptations and disrupt coadapted gene complexes. Here, we reanalyse data from two experiments (McGinnity et al., 1997(McGinnity et al., , 2003 where performance of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) progeny originating from experimental crosses between farm and wild parents (in three different cohorts) were measured in a natural stream under common garden conditions. Previous published analyses focussed on group-level differences but did not account for pedigree structure, as we do here using modern mixed-effect models. Offspring with one or two farm parents exhibited poorer survival in their first and second year of life compared with those with two wild parents and these group-level inferences were robust to excluding outlier families. Variation in performance among farm, hybrid and wild families was generally similar in magnitude. Farm offspring were generally larger at all life stages examined than wild offspring, but the differences were moderate (5-20%) and similar in magnitude in the wild versus hatchery environments. Quantitative genetic analyses conducted using a Bayesian framework revealed moderate heritability in juvenile fork length and mass and positive genetic correlations (40.85) between these morphological traits. Our study confirms (using more rigorous statistical techniques) previous studies showing that offspring of wild fish invariably have higher fitness and contributes fresh insights into family-level variation in performance of farm, wild and hybrid Atlantic salmon families in the wild. It also adds to a small, but growing, number of studies that estimate key evolutionary parameters in wild salmonid populations. Such information is vital in modelling the impacts of introgression by escaped farm salmon.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Area and Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantifying heritable variation in fitness-related traits of wild, farmed and hybrid Atlantic salmon families in a wild river environment

et al. 2015

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“…Population genetic variation For microsatellite loci, allelic diversity is probably more informative than heterozygosity to analyse possible genetic erosion in populations (Norris et al, 1999;O'Connell and Wright, 1997;Spencer et al, 2000). The twice higher allelic diversity observed in the Durance river could reflect a widely distributed (over 30 km) and probably more numerous population (maximum local density E200 fish/ha (Moullec et al, 2000)) compared with the distributions observed in the Beaume river (over 13 km, with maximum local density E80 fish/ha (Labonne, 2002)) and in the Drô me river (over 2 km, with an average catch of 15 individuals by fishing operation over the whole distribution, reflecting a very low density (Genoud, 2001)).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic structure of fragmented populations of a threatened endemic percid of the Rhône river: Zingel asper

Laroche

Durand

2004

Heredity

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Zingel asper is an endemic percid of the Rhô ne basin considered to be critically endangered. This species was continuously distributed throughout the Rhô ne in 1900, but today only occupies 17% of its initial area. In the present study, five microsatellite loci were used to assess the level of genetic variability within and among populations localized in different sub-basins. Contrasting results were obtained for the three main populations from the Rhô ne. A reduced allelic diversity was observed for the two populations displaying the lowest patch sizes (length of the river system occupied); of these, a recent genetic bottleneck was detected for the population showing a particularly low density. However, the third population was characterized by a relatively large spatial extent, high local fish concentrations and an allelic diversity that was twice as high and associated with an equilibrium between mutation and drift. Thus, this population shows an apparently better evolutionary potential for longterm survival. Since 1930, a marked fragmentation of the whole Rhô ne system has appeared, related to the development of dams, and we assume that the significant genetic differentiation detected between the populations could mainly reflect the impact of this fragmentation. The high turnover of the Z. asper populations, and the major role of dispersal in population persistence (highlighted in a recent population dynamics study), indeed suggest that the differentiation observed could mainly have arisen from habitat fragmentation in recent history.

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“…Allelic diversity reduces faster than heterozygosity during a bottleneck [17], because the effective population size is significantly reduced, and many low frequency alleles may be eliminated, or contribute little to heterozygosity. This process could severely reduce the number of alleles by eliminating rare alleles without having a significant effect on heterozygosity [18]. After the dramatic population crash in 1998, the species experienced a genetic bottleneck, which resulted in the populations exhibiting a significant heterozygosity excess.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA assessment of the genetic diversity of captive Saiga antelopes (Saiga tatarica) in China

Zhao

Liu

et al. 2013

Chin. Sci. Bull.

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To estimate the genetic diversity of the only captive Saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica) population in China, 40 umbilical cord samples were collected and mitochondrial (control region) and nuclear (microsatellite) variabilities were assessed. Both of the markers revealed low genetic variability (or high genetic homogeneity) within the population. The microsatellites yielded monitoring ranges of 2-6 alleles. The observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.28 to 0.83, and the expected heterozygosities were between 0.27 and 0.71. The Shannon information index (Shannon I) and Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) presented overall means of 0.87 and 0.43, respectively. The gene diversity was 0.49. We found only two haplotypes in the population, and the haplotype and nucleotide diversities were 39.1% and 1.13%, respectively. Founder events, bottlenecks and inbreeding have contributed to the low genetic variation observed in this population. Our findings revealed the extent of genetic diversity maintained in the present population and the urgency of implementing a protection plan, introducing animals from other populations to enhance saiga's genetic variation.Saiga tatarica, microsatellite, mitochondrial DNA, genetic diversity, bottleneck Citation:Zhao S S, Xu C Q, Liu G, et al. Microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA assessment of the genetic diversity of captive Saiga antelopes (Saiga tatarica) in

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Microsatellite genetic variation between and within farmed and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations

Cited by 271 publications

References 43 publications

Quantifying heritable variation in fitness-related traits of wild, farmed and hybrid Atlantic salmon families in a wild river environment

Quantifying heritable variation in fitness-related traits of wild, farmed and hybrid Atlantic salmon families in a wild river environment

Genetic structure of fragmented populations of a threatened endemic percid of the Rhône river: Zingel asper

Microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA assessment of the genetic diversity of captive Saiga antelopes (Saiga tatarica) in China

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