Microscale solid-phase extraction system for explosives

Simultaneous determination of carbazole-based explosives in environmental waters by dispersive liquid—liquid microextraction coupled to HPLC with UV-Vis detection

“…Environmental waters including ponds, lakes, rivers, estuaries and coastal ocean area near the ammunition plants, military munitions sites, wartime activities area, sinking of warships, etc., containing residues of explosive compounds may be hazardous for natural life especially plants, animals and finally humans [7][8][9]. Releasing the unexploded ordinances, with various military exercises, in the ground or oceans/seas may cause contamination of surface, underground, and sea waters.…”

“…These methods suffer from some disadvantages such as time consuming and requiring large volumes of expensive organic solvents with high-purity [16]. These limitations led to the development of other methods such as solid-phase extraction [18], solid-phase microextraction [19][20][21], micellar extraction [22], supercritical fluid extraction [23] solvent microextraction [24], single-drop microextraction [25], hollow fiber-based liquid-phase microextraction [26], and cloud point extraction [27]. These methods usually serve as sample preparation techniques which preconcentrate the analyte in the samples for analysis by one of the following techniques: high-performance liquid chromatography [28], gas chromatography [29], ion mobility spectrometry [30], capillary electrochromatography [31], supercritical fluid chromatography [32,33] or electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis [34].…”

Micellar extraction and high performance liquid chromatography-ultra violet determination of some explosives in water samples

“…Environmental water containing residues of explosive compounds may be a hazard to natural life including plants, animals and finally humans [1]. Surface and ground-waters around the former ammunition plants are especial areas of environmental pollution [2].…”

Determination of nitrobenzenes and nitrochlorobenzenes in water samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

“…2 Kang et al detected 12.32 mg L À1 and 17.82 mg L À1 of NB in the Guanting Reservoir and the Yongding River, respectively. 3 Several methods have been used successfully for the analysis of nitrobenzene compounds in water samples, including solid-phase extraction (SPE), 4 solid-phase microextraction (SPME), [5][6][7][8][9] headspace solvent microextraction (HSSME), 10 non-equilibrium liquid-phase microextraction (LPME), 10 and single drop microextraction (SDME). 11 However, there are obvious disadvantages associated with each of these methods.…”