Microscale thermometry: A review

Kim, Myeongsub Mike; Giry, A.; Mastiani, Mohammad; Rodrigues, Gustavo O.; Reis, Alessandro Vieira dos; Mandin, Philippe

doi:10.1016/j.mee.2015.11.002

Cited by 46 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…The thermal probe inevitably perturbs the local properties of nanosystems to some extent, and therefore disturbs the value of the local temperature [379]. More strengths and limitations of SThM have been analyzed by Brites et al [367], Gomės et al [398] and Kim et al [369].…”

Section: Scanning Thermal Microscopementioning

confidence: 99%

Local temperatures out of equilibrium

2019

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The temperature of a physical system is operationally defined in physics as "that quantity which is measured by a thermometer" weakly coupled to, and at equilibrium with the system. This definition is unique only at global equilibrium in view of the zeroth law of thermodynamics: when the system and the thermometer have reached equilibrium, the "thermometer degrees of freedom" can be traced out and the temperature read by the thermometer can be uniquely assigned to the system. Unfortunately, such a procedure cannot be straightforwardly extended to a system out of equilibrium, where local excitations may be spatially inhomogeneous and the zeroth law of thermodynamics does not hold. With the advent of several experimental techniques that attempt to extract a single parameter characterizing the degree of local excitations of a (mesoscopic or nanoscale) system out of equilibrium, this issue is making a strong comeback to the forefront of research. In this paper, we will review the difficulties to define a unique temperature out of equilibrium, the majority of definitions that have been proposed so far, and discuss both their advantages and limitations. We will then examine a variety of experimental techniques developed for measuring the non-equilibrium local temperatures under various conditions. Finally we will discuss the physical implications of the notion of local temperature, and present the practical applications of such a concept in a variety of nanosystems out of equilibrium. Figure 4: (a) The product of the density of states η(E) times the global distribution function ϕ|ρ|ϕ forms a strongly pronounced peak at the expectation value of the global system energyĒ. (b) The logarithm of the local distribution function a|ρ|a (solid line) and the logarithm of a canonical distribution (dashed line) with the same local temperature for a harmonic chain. (a) and (b) are reprinted with permission from [74].

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Section: Scanning Thermal Microscopementioning

confidence: 99%

Local temperatures out of equilibrium

2019

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“…It is heated up by an external source such as laser heating or an internal source through Joule heating and can be further subdivided into constant current mode and constant temperature mode. The passive mode refers to the case when the probe acts like a temperature sensor with minimal heating power dissipated . SThM measurements can be performed both in contact and noncontact mode.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Principles and Applications of Scanning Thermal Microscopy (SThM)

Zhang

Zhu

Hui

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

138

106

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As the size of materials, particles, and devices shrinks to nanometer, atomic, or even quantum scale, it is more challenging to characterize their thermal properties reliably. Scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) is an emerging method to obtain local thermal information by controlling and monitoring probe-sample thermal exchange processes. In this review, key experimental and theoretical components of the SThM system are discussed, including thermal probes and experimental methods, heat transfer mechanisms, calibration strategies, thermal exchange resistance, and effective heat transfer coefficients. Additionally, recent applications of SThM to novel materials and devices are reviewed, with emphasis on thermoelectric, biological, phase change, and 2D materials.

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“…EMVI-method performances are limited first by fluorophore sensitivity, the magnitude of the thermal dependence varying from dye to dye. Rhodamine B, with an intensity reduction rate of up to 2%°C −1 [29], or organic dyes (intensity reduction rate of 3%°C −1 ) have a strong temperature sensitivity (0.1°C) [29,30]. Other fluorophores, such as quantum dots and rare-earth ions, with even greater sensitivities can also be used [29].…”

Section: E Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic Field Intensity Imaging by Thermofluorescence in the Visible Range

et al. 2019

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Methods to measure the electromagnetic field intensity on a large scale should be improved to meet the growing demand in civil and military applications. The recent development and an application of a microwave electromagnetic field imaging method using a thermofluorescent device and detection in the visible-light range are described. The sensor is a flexible film sensitive to either an electric field (slightly conductive film) or a magnetic field (insulating film with ferromagnetic particles) coated with a polymer doped with fluorescent molecules displaying temperature-dependent emission. We use a lock-in thermography protocol consisting of modulation of the field at low frequency, which allows us to suppress the noise due to heat-transfer phenomena and the part of the signal not directly related to field absorption. Two applications of the method are presented: (i) imaging the microwave magnetic field emitted by a resonator antenna and (ii) the local probe measurement of the electric field inside a multibeam antenna. The process to develop the sensitive film, its detailed characterization, and the thermofluorescence-image demodulation postprocessing are presented in detail. This approach is much cheaper than one based on infrared thermometry and could permit democratization of microwave-and radio-frequency electromagnetic field imaging.

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Microscale thermometry: A review

Cited by 46 publications

References 98 publications

Local temperatures out of equilibrium

Local temperatures out of equilibrium

A Review on Principles and Applications of Scanning Thermal Microscopy (SThM)

Electromagnetic Field Intensity Imaging by Thermofluorescence in the Visible Range

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