“…Battery capacity losses were plotted with respect to number of EV usage days at varying conditions, such as temperature, C-rate, SOC, and depth of discharge, which showed large impact on battery degradation. In existing EV literature, EMS mainly considered energy consumption minimization and battery degradation was not often taken into consideration [7,9,[16][17][18]. In the literature considering battery degradation, many EMSs were rule-based methods [14,15], which leave room for advanced EMS.…”