Microsporidia in Fish

Kent, Michael L.; Shaw, R. W.; Sanders, Justin L.

doi:10.1002/9781118395264.ch20

Cited by 46 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 151 publications

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“…As mentioned above, aquatic hosts support almost half the known microsporidian genera [9]. In terms of wild (fished) populations, microsporidian epizootics have been historically associated with collapse of commercial fisheries (e.g., the North American ocean pout fishery in the 1940s) [75], while in aquaculture, species from numerous micro-sporidian taxa have impacted on production during the hatchery, grow-out (netpen), processing, and marketing phases (see [75] for context) Recently, an emergent disease condition termed ‘emaciative syndrome’ was shown to be caused by infection with Enterospora nucleophila in farmed seabream ( Sparus aurata ) from the Mediterranean. Disease associated with infection by this parasite is apparently associated with immune suppression in its host [76], a feature shared with several other members of the Enterocytozoon clade in which this parasite resides.…”

Section: Microsporidia In Major Food Production Chainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microsporidia – Emergent Pathogens in the Global Food Chain

Stentiford

Becnel

Weiss

et al. 2016

Trends in Parasitology

261

190

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Intensification of food production has the potential to drive increased disease prevalence in food plants and animals. Microsporidia are diversely distributed, opportunistic, and density-dependent parasites infecting hosts from almost all known animal taxa. They are frequent in highly managed aquatic and terrestrial hosts, many of which are vulnerable to epizootics, and all of which are crucial for the stability of the animal–human food chain. Mass rearing and changes in global climate may exacerbate disease and more efficient transmission of parasites in stressed or immune-deficient hosts. Further, human microsporidiosis appears to be adventitious and primarily associated with an increasing community of immune-deficient individuals. Taken together, strong evidence exists for an increasing prevalence of microsporidiosis in animals and humans, and for sharing of pathogens across hosts and biomes.

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Section: Microsporidia In Major Food Production Chainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microsporidia – Emergent Pathogens in the Global Food Chain

Stentiford

Becnel

Weiss

et al. 2016

Trends in Parasitology

261

190

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“…While epizootic outbreaks of microsporidiosis have been documented in wild and cultured fishes, 1 and fewer in mammals, including Encephalitozoon cuniculi, 2 microsporidiosis in man was virtually unheard of until the AIDS epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s. 3 During this time, organisms such as Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis rocketed from obscurity as virusassociated immune suppression allowed them to run rampant in the bodies of the afflicted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudoloma neurophiliaInfection Combined with Gamma Irradiation Causes Increased Mortality in Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Compared to Infection or Irradiation Alone: New Implications for Studies Involving Immunosuppression

et al. 2016

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Gamma irradiation is commonly used as a bone marrow suppressant in studies of the immune system and hematopoiesis, most commonly in mammals. With the rising utility and popularity of the zebrafish (Danio rerio), gamma irradiation is being used for similar studies in this species. Pseudoloma neurophilia, a microparasite and common contaminant of zebrafish facilities, generally produces subclinical disease. However, like other microsporidia, P. neurophilia is a disease of opportunity and can produce florid infections with high morbidity and mortality, secondary to stress or immune suppression. In this study, we exposed zebrafish to combinations of P. neurophilia infection and gamma irradiation to explore the interaction between this immunosuppressive experimental modality and a normally subclinical infection. Zebrafish infected with P. neurophilia and exposed to gamma irradiation exhibited higher mortality, increased parasite loads, and increased incidences of myositis and extraneural parasite infections than fish exposed either to P. neurophilia or gamma irradiation alone. This experiment highlights the devastating effects of opportunistic diseases on immunosuppressed individuals and should caution researchers utilizing immunosuppressive modalities to carefully monitor their stocks to ensure that their experimental animals are not infected.

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“…For example, the microsporidian Nosema bombycis was a problem in silk worm cultures before it was described in 1857 and continues to cause economic losses (Becnel & Andreadis 1999). Members of the genus Glugea have caused substantial mortality in both wild and farmed economically important fish including smelts and flatfish (Canning & Lom 1986, Lee et al 2004, Kent et al 2014. Encephalitozoon cuniculi has been identified as a cause of chronic secondary illness in immunocompromised humans (Wittner & Weiss 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution, prevalence, and pathology of a microsporidian infecting freshwater sculpins

Ryan

Kohler²

2016

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Microsporidian infections are common in many fish species, yet detailed studies of these parasites in ecologically important wild populations are rare. Phylogenetic analysis using rDNA sequence data and parasite morphology indicate that mottled sculpin Cottus bairdii and slimy sculpin C. cognatus are hosts for Glugea sp. microsporidia in the northern USA. Glugea sp. is common in the Michigan populations sampled for this study, and prevalence was ≥70% in 4 of 6 infected populations (range ~4 to 80%). Glugea sp. infection causes the formation of xenomas associated with the body wall, fat body, gonads, and kidneys. Infections range from mild to very heavy, with variable xenoma numbers and sizes. Female sculpin experience heavier infections and more frequent infection of the gonads relative to males. Glugea sp. is transmitted horizontally between hosts through ingestion of spores. Vertical transmission may also be possible, either by spores infecting eggs directly or by spores contaminating the surface of eggs in the ovary or in the nest. The frequency and route of vertical transmission requires further study, but if it occurs, it may partly explain the high prevalence of infection. Our study combined with previous research suggests that additional molecular data and cross-infection experiments should be conducted to clarify species designations in the genus Glugea.

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Microsporidia in Fish

Cited by 46 publications

References 151 publications

Microsporidia – Emergent Pathogens in the Global Food Chain

Microsporidia – Emergent Pathogens in the Global Food Chain

Pseudoloma neurophiliaInfection Combined with Gamma Irradiation Causes Increased Mortality in Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Compared to Infection or Irradiation Alone: New Implications for Studies Involving Immunosuppression

Distribution, prevalence, and pathology of a microsporidian infecting freshwater sculpins

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